{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T21:11:59Z","timestamp":1762981919879,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FNZG-2024-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNZG-2024-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has altered respiratory infection patterns in pediatric populations. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and relaxation of public health measures have increased the likelihood of coinfections. Previous studies show conflicting results regarding the impact of viral and bacterial coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 on severity of pediatric disease. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of coinfections among children hospitalized with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 574 hospitalized patients aged under 18 years in Russia, from January 2022 to March 2023. Samples from patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens using qRT-PCR, bacterial culture tests and mass spectrometry, and ELISA. Approximately one-third of COVID-19 cases had coinfections, with viral and bacterial coinfections occurring at similar rates. Adenovirus and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common viral and bacterial coinfections, respectively. Viral coinfections were associated with higher fevers and increased bronchitis, while bacterial coinfections correlated with longer duration of illness and higher pneumonia rates. Non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses were linked to more severe lower respiratory tract complications than SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection. These findings suggest that during the Omicron wave, seasonal respiratory viruses may have posed a greater threat to children\u2019s health than SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1721810837000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Viral and Bacterial Coinfections in Hospitalized Children and Adolescents Aged under 18 Years with COVID-19 during the Omicron Wave in Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FSASI \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladislav V.","family":"Afanasev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Department, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, 191015 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana I.","family":"Alekseenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Department, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, 191015 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"K.A. Rauhfus Children\u2019s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilmira K.","family":"Belyaletdinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM), 117246 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludmila N.","family":"Isankina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Rauhfus Children\u2019s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Gryaznova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.A. Rauhfus Children\u2019s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoly V.","family":"Skalny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Kozlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSASI \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aydar A.","family":"Ishmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSASI \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina G.","family":"Karganova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSASI \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS\u201d (Institute of Poliomyelitis), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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