{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:29:13Z","timestamp":1763468953051,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteroviruses are RNA viruses that initiate infections through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are associated with enteric illness in individuals of all ages. Most serious infections of enteroviruses are in infants and young children where it is the common cause of aseptic meningitis and other systemic diseases, leading to a high mortality rate. Enteroviruses belong to the small non-enveloped family of the Picornaviridae family. The virus can spread mainly through fecal\u2013oral and respiratory routes. In the Arabian Gulf countries, the incidence of enteroviral infections is only restricted to a few reports, and thus, knowledge of the epidemiology, characteristics, and pathogenesis of the virus in the gulf countries remains scarce. In this minireview, we sought to provide an overview of the characteristics of enterovirus and its pathogenesis, in addition to gathering the reports of enterovirus infection prevalence in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. We also present a summary of the common methods used in its detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1721817980000},"page":"1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Overview of the Characteristics, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Detection of Human Enterovirus in the Arabian Gulf Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ayyub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah 72603, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3448-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua George","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah 72603, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1016-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawad","family":"Hodeify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah 72603, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2017.09.009","article-title":"Enteroviruses","volume":"45","author":"Muir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(83)80304-9","article-title":"Postmortem manifestations of echovirus 11 sepsis in five newborn infants","volume":"14","author":"Mostoufizadeh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1555806","article-title":"Neonatal acute liver failure due to enteroviruses: A 14 years single NICU experience","volume":"33","author":"Bersani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90077-1","article-title":"Echovirus-11 infection in a special-care baby unit","volume":"313","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.41.1.77","article-title":"An epidemic of aseptic meningitis, primarily among infants, caused by echovirus 11-prime","volume":"41","author":"Miller","year":"1968","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.09.020","article-title":"The enteroviruses: Problems in need of treatments","volume":"68","author":"Abzug","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.06.007","article-title":"Predominance of enterovirus B and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a UK population","volume":"81","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 1970\u20132005","volume":"55","author":"Khetsuriani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24200","article-title":"Characterization of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shenzhen, China, 2009\u20132013","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.3928\/00904481-20150512-09","article-title":"Nonpolio Enterovirus Infections in Neonates","volume":"44","author":"Haston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2009.02.002","article-title":"Enterovirus infections in neonates","volume":"14","author":"Tebruegge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91642-7","article-title":"Echovirus 11 infection and prophylactic antiserum","volume":"1","author":"Nagington","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90402-6","article-title":"Use of normal imunoglobulin in an echovirus 11 outbreak in a special-care baby unit","volume":"322","author":"Nagington","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"186","article-title":"Outbreak of echovirus 11 infection in hospitalized neonates","volume":"7","author":"Rabkin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.04.026","article-title":"Molecular comparison of echovirus 11 strains circulating in Europe during an epidemic of multisystem hemorrhagic disease of infants indicates that evolution generally occurs by recombination","volume":"325","author":"Chevaliez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandoni, M., Ciardo, L., Tamburini, C., Boncompagni, A., Rossi, C., Guidotti, I., Garetti, E., Lugli, L., Iughetti, L., and Berardi, A. (2022). Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010060"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04558-x","article-title":"Correction to: Recommendations for the nomenclature of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses","volume":"165","author":"Simmonds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297917130041","article-title":"Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs. Biochemistry","volume":"82","author":"Nikonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biokhimiia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brouwer, L., Moreni, G., Wolthers, K.C., and Pajkrt, D. (2021). World-Wide Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Enteroviruses. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030434"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chien, Y.S., Luo, S.T., Tsao, K.C., Huang, Y.C., Chung, W.Y., Liao, Y.C., Tan, Y., Das, S.R., and Lee, M.S. (2019). Genomic analysis of serologically untypable human enteroviruses in Taiwan. J. Biomed. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0541-x"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., and Lefkowitz, E.J. (2012). Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, Elsevier. Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18251-9","article-title":"Structures of Echovirus 30 in complex with its receptors inform a rational prediction for enterovirus receptor usage","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0005-4","article-title":"The life cycle of non-polio enteroviruses and how to target it","volume":"16","author":"Baggen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082832","article-title":"Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses","volume":"7","author":"Wolthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, A.I., Grimes, K.A., and Coyne, C.B. (2022). Enterovirus Replication and Dissemination Are Differentially Controlled by Type I and III Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. MBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00443-22"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1961","article-title":"Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71","volume":"15","author":"Nishimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1992","article-title":"Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71","volume":"15","author":"Yamayoshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.1.154","article-title":"A novel P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 monoclonal antibody recognizes an epitope within the tyrosine sulfate motif of human PSGL-1 and blocks recognition of both P- and L-selectin","volume":"91","author":"Snapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1320","article-title":"Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5","volume":"275","author":"Bergelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90690-9","article-title":"Cellular receptor for poliovirus: Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily","volume":"56","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Wimmer, E. (1994). Poliovirus receptors. Cellular Receptors for Animal Viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9969","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9969-9978.2003","article-title":"Integrin-Using Rotaviruses Bind \u03b12 \u03b21 Integrin \u03b12 I Domain via VP4 DGE Sequence and Recognize \u03b1X \u03b22 and \u03b1V \u03b23 by Using VP7 during Cell Entry","volume":"77","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817341116","article-title":"The neonatal Fc receptor is a pan-echovirus receptor","volume":"116","author":"Morosky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.6245","article-title":"Decay-accelerating factor (CD55), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored complement regulatory protein, is a receptor for several echoviruses","volume":"91","author":"Bergelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.015","article-title":"Neonatal Fc receptor in human immunity: Function and role in therapeutic intervention","volume":"146","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rath, T., Baker, K., Pyzik, M., and Blumberg, R.S. (2015). Regulation of immune responses by the neonatal fc receptor and its therapeutic implications. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00664"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.035","article-title":"Human Neonatal Fc Receptor Is the Cellular Uncoating Receptor for Enterovirus B","volume":"177","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-3244-1","article-title":"Classification and Structure of Echovirus 5\u2032-UTR Sequences","volume":"31","author":"Siafakas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0324","article-title":"The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is used by reference strains and clinical isolates representing all six serotypes of coxsackievirus group B and by swine vesicular disease virus","volume":"271","author":"Martino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.3390\/v7122945","article-title":"Infectious Entry Pathway of Enterovirus B Species","volume":"7","author":"Turkki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandesande, H., Laajala, M., Kantoluoto, T., Ruokolainen, V., Lindberg, A., and Marjom\u00e4ki, V. (2020). Early Entry Events in Echovirus 30 Infection. J. Virol., 94.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00592-20"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.04.051","article-title":"Lipid-raft-dependent Coxsackievirus B4 internalization and rapid targeting to the Golgi","volume":"326","author":"Triantafilou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11064","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01016-09","article-title":"Dynamin- and Lipid Raft-Dependent Entry of Decay-Accelerating Factor (DAF)-Binding and Non-DAF-Binding Coxsackieviruses into Nonpolarized Cells","volume":"83","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.020768","article-title":"Identification and Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Quantification of Endocytosis Factors Associated with Numb","volume":"12","author":"Krieger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, C., Mueller, S., Paul, A.V., Wimmer, E., and Jiang, P. (2010). Direct Interaction between Two Viral Proteins, the Nonstructural Protein 2CATPase and the Capsid Protein VP3, Is Required for Enterovirus Morphogenesis. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001066"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8759","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8759-8765.1997","article-title":"Poliovirus 2C region functions during encapsidation of viral RNA","volume":"71","author":"Vance","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(00)00119-4","article-title":"The antiviral compound 5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) methylhydantoin inhibits the post-synthetic cleavages and the assembly of poliovirus in a cell-free system","volume":"48","author":"Verlinden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.014","article-title":"Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system","volume":"411","author":"Rhoades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-W., Yeo, S.-G., Kang, B., Lee, H.-K., Kim, J.-W., Lee, S.-H., Kim, K.-S., and Cheon, D. (2012). Echovirus 30 Induced Neuronal Cell Death through TRIO-RhoA Signaling Activation. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036656"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piz017","article-title":"Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Lessons From Polio","volume":"8","author":"Gilsdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3206-x","article-title":"Hand, foot and mouth disease: Current knowledge on clinical manifestations, epidemiology, aetiology and prevention","volume":"37","author":"Esposito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01097-2","article-title":"Oral ulcers in children\u2014A clinical narrative overview","volume":"47","author":"Furlano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000246","article-title":"Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: A new look at a classic viral rash","volume":"27","author":"Nassef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2017.6.1.4","article-title":"Enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, S., Al Khatib, H.A., Al Ansari, K., Nader, J., Nasrallah, G.K., Younes, N.N., Coyle, P.V., Al Thani, A.A., Al Maslamani, M.A., and Yassine, H.M. (2021). Epidemiology Profile of Viral Meningitis Infections Among Patients in Qatar (2015\u20132018). Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.663694"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.008","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of viral central nervous system infections","volume":"73","author":"Abukhattab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Romaihi, H.E., Smatti, M.K., Ganesan, N., Nadeem, S., Farag, E., Coyle, P.V., Nader, J.D., Al-Khatib, H.A., Elmagboul, E.B., and Al Dhahry, S. (2019). Epidemiology of respiratory infections among adults in Qatar (2012\u20132017). PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218097"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janahi, I., Abdulkayoum, A., Almeshwesh, F., Alkuwari, M., Al Hammadi, A., and Alameri, M. (2017). Viral aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in Qatar. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2225-z"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00020-9","article-title":"Inflammatory, vascular, and infectious myelopathies in children","volume":"Volume 112","author":"Verhey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1998.11747935","article-title":"Epidemics of aseptic meningitis due to enteroviruses following national immunization days in Bahrain","volume":"18","author":"Khalfan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2024, February 01). Kingdom of Bahrain, Ministry of Public Health Directorate, Available online: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.bh\/Content\/Files\/Publications\/X_103201314296.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/33.4.166","article-title":"Paralytic poliomyelitis and non-polio enteroviruses in Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Ramia","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1997.16","article-title":"Enteroviruses at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia, 1989\u20131995","volume":"17","author":"Akhter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247853","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4247853","article-title":"Patterns of Human Respiratory Viruses and Lack of MERS-Coronavirus in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia","volume":"2017","author":"Abdulhaq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Seasonal variations of respiratory viruses detected from children with respiratory tract infections in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Albogami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldriweesh, M.A., Shafaay, E.A., Alwatban, S.M., Alkethami, O.M., Aljuraisi, F.N., Bosaeed, M., and Alharbi, N.K. (2020). Viruses Causing Aseptic Meningitis: A Tertiary Medical Center Experience With a Multiplex PCR Assay. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.602267"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.10.007","article-title":"Echovirus type 9 is an important cause of viral encephalitis among infants and young children in Kuwait","volume":"44","author":"Dalwai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-236","article-title":"Echoviruses are a major cause of aseptic meningitis in infants and young children in Kuwait","volume":"7","author":"Dalwai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23604","article-title":"Frequency of enterovirus detection in blood samples of neonates admitted to hospital with sepsis-like illness in Kuwait","volume":"85","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.05.009","article-title":"Epidemiology of meningitis in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates, 2000\u20132005","volume":"11","author":"Dash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e45204","article-title":"Seasonal Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens Among Children in the United Arab Emirates: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in the Pre-COVID-19 Era","volume":"15","author":"Salim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25464","article-title":"Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory infections in the Northern United Arab Emirates","volume":"91","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"102","article-title":"Non-Polio Enterovirus Meningitis in Children-Clinical Spectrum, Viral Serotypes and Outcome: Unusual Community Outbreak Experience at a Tertiary Care Centre from Oman","volume":"7","author":"Themalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.12.2576-2580.1988","article-title":"Comparison of cell cultures for rapid isolation of enteroviruses","volume":"26","author":"Chonmaitree","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"263","article-title":"Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: Preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42 enteroviruses","volume":"48","author":"Melnick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-7-1707","article-title":"Characterization of echoviruses that bind decay accelerating factor (CD55): Evidence that some haemagglutinating strains use more than one cellular receptor","volume":"79","author":"Powell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1299-1302.2001","article-title":"Type-Specific Detection of Echovirus 30 Isolates Using Degenerate Reverse Transcriptase PCR Primers","volume":"39","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890180409","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of echovirus 33 infection by neutralizing specific IgM antibody","volume":"18","author":"Pozzetto","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couder\u00e9, K., van der Straten, K., Brouwer, L., Koen, G., van Eijk, H., Pajkrt, D., Murk, J.L., and Wolthers, K.C. (2021). Neutralising Antibodies against Enterovirus and Parechovirus in IVIG Reflect General Circulation: A Tool for Sero-Surveillance. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061028"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"249","article-title":"Isolation of echovirus type 13 from patients of aseptic meningitis","volume":"54","author":"Keino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.65","article-title":"Neutralization assays for echovirus 18 isolates in 2006","volume":"60","author":"Takao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X.P., Sun, S.Z., Guo, J.Y., Li, J.J., and Xie, Z.D. (2016). Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Echovirus 18 Associated with Aseptic Meningitis in Hebei Province, China, in 2015. Genome Announc., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01165-16"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2015.02.001","article-title":"Detection of enteroviruses and parechoviruses by a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay","volume":"29","author":"Pabbaraju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Shen, L., Wu, J., Zou, X., Gu, J., Chen, J., and Mao, L. (2018). Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00286"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.12.016","article-title":"Performance of enterovirus genotyping targeting the VP1 and VP2 regions on non-typeable isolates and patient specimens","volume":"165","author":"She","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000400004","article-title":"Echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease","volume":"48","author":"Russo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Do Inst. De Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)00025-P","article-title":"Identification of enteroviruses by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Bastis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/8\/1187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:22:22Z","timestamp":1760109742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/8\/1187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v16081187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16081187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]}}}