{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1781596921955,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1800400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox virus (MPXV) can induce systemic skin lesions after infection. This research focused on studying MPXV proliferation and the response of keratinocytes. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we visualized different stages of MPXV development in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). We identified exocytosis of enveloped viruses as the exit mechanism for MPXV in HaCaT cells. Infected keratinocytes showed submicroscopic changes, such as the formation of vesicle-like structures through the recombination of rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes and alterations in mitochondrial morphology. Transcriptome analysis revealed the suppressed genes related to interferon pathway activation and the reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, which may facilitate viral immune evasion. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis highlighted systemic lupus erythematosus pathway activation and the inhibition of the Toll-like receptor signaling and retinol metabolism pathways, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying MPXV-induced skin lesions. This study advances our understanding of MPXV\u2019s interaction with keratinocytes and the complex mechanisms leading to skin lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1721999099000},"page":"1206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of Human Immortalized Keratinocyte Cells Infected by Monkeypox Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chaode","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaowen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiubo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of 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