{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:25:33Z","timestamp":1791822333890,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Landesforschungsf\u00f6rderung of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg","award":["LFF LV74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LFF LV74"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["LFF LV74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LFF LV74"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens as their replication depends on the metabolism of the host cell. The induction of cellular suicide, known as programmed cell death (PCD), has the potential to hinder viral replication and act as a first line of defense against viral pathogens. Apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis are three important PCD modalities. Different signaling pathways are involved in their execution, and they also differ in their ability to cause inflammation. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV), beta-herpesviruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes, encode a great variety of immune evasion genes, including several cell death suppressors. While CMV inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis have been known and studied for years, the first pyroptosis inhibitor has been identified and characterized only recently. Here, we describe how human and murine CMV interfere with apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis signaling pathways. We also discuss the importance of the different PCD forms and their viral inhibitors for the containment of viral replication and spread in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T07:59:07Z","timestamp":1723190347000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["No Time to Die: How Cytomegaloviruses Suppress Apoptosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6403-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingqi","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"\u00c1gueda-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Brune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02393-4","article-title":"Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: Manipulative strategies beyond evasion","volume":"10","author":"Mocarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01255-4","article-title":"Immune evasion by cytomegalovirus--survival strategies of a highly adapted opportunist","volume":"6","author":"Hengel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patro, A.R.K. (2019). Subversion of Immune Response by Human Cytomegalovirus. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01155"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00582-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host","volume":"19","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"322","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Cytomegalovirus Host Species Specificity","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Reddehase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytomegaloviruses: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Intervention"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1635160100","article-title":"Functional map of human cytomegalovirus AD169 defined by global mutational analysis","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2334032100","article-title":"Functional profiling of a human cytomegalovirus genome","volume":"100","author":"Dunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerna, G., Kabanova, A., and Lilleri, D. (2019). Human Cytomegalovirus Cell Tropism and Host Cell Receptors. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030070"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0225-5","article-title":"Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by cytomegaloviruses","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brune, W., and Andoniou, C.E. (2017). Die Another Day: Inhibition of Cell Death Pathways by Cytomegalovirus. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9090249"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketelut-Carneiro, N., and Fitzgerald, K.A. (2022). Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, and Necroptosis-Oh My! The Many Ways a Cell Can Die. J. Mol. Biol., 434.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167378"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053010","article-title":"Apoptosis and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells","volume":"36","author":"Nagata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2883","article-title":"Plasma membrane translocation of trimerized MLKL protein is required for TNF-induced necroptosis","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vasconcelos, N.M., and Lamkanfi, M. (2020). Recent Insights on Inflammasomes, Gasdermin Pores, and Pyroptosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a036392"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01936-3","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory programmed cell death","volume":"9","author":"Cookson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.01.027","article-title":"Staying alive: Cell death in antiviral immunity","volume":"54","author":"Upton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf2154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2154","article-title":"Programmed necrosis in inflammation: Toward identification of the effector molecules","volume":"352","author":"Wallach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.07.012","article-title":"PANoptosis in microbial infection","volume":"59","author":"Place","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., and Lee, S. (2023). Recent advances in ZBP1-derived PANoptosis against viral infections. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148727"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s005990050035","article-title":"Signalling by proteolysis: Death receptors induce apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Muzio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0390053","article-title":"Death receptors","volume":"39","author":"Wajant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203796","article-title":"Activation of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by pro-apoptotic C-terminal fragment of RIP","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241358198","article-title":"Caspase-10 is an initiator caspase in death receptor signaling","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80401-X","article-title":"TRAIL receptors 1 (DR4) and 2 (DR5) signal FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate NF-kappaB","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90071-3","article-title":"FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis","volume":"81","author":"Chinnaiyan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/40657","article-title":"Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP","volume":"388","author":"Irmler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1751","article-title":"Fas antigen and p55 TNF receptor signal apoptosis through distinct pathways","volume":"152","author":"Wong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90070-5","article-title":"The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappa B activation","volume":"81","author":"Hsu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00521-X","article-title":"Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes","volume":"114","author":"Micheau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7795","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.14.7795","article-title":"A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas\/APO1 contains a sequence motif related to the death domain","volume":"270","author":"Boldin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07606","article-title":"The Fas-FADD death domain complex structure unravels signalling by receptor clustering","volume":"457","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260001","article-title":"Caspases: The executioners of apoptosis","volume":"326","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2952","article-title":"Mitochondria and cell death: Outer membrane permeabilization and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Tait","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glover, H.L., Schreiner, A., Dewson, G., and Tait, S.W.G. (2024). Mitochondria and cell death. Nat. Cell Biol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01429-4"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1304105","article-title":"Proapoptotic Bak is sequestered by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, until displaced by BH3-only proteins","volume":"19","author":"Willis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808691105","article-title":"Apoptosis is triggered when prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins cannot restrain Bax","volume":"105","author":"Fletcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00127-7","article-title":"Distinct BH3 domains either sensitize or activate mitochondrial apoptosis, serving as prototype cancer therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Letai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.12.031","article-title":"Bax crystal structures reveal how BH3 domains activate Bax and nucleate its oligomerization to induce apoptosis","volume":"152","author":"Czabotar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80085-9","article-title":"Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: Requirement for dATP and cytochrome c","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00008-8","article-title":"Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition","volume":"102","author":"Du","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00009-X","article-title":"Identification of DIABLO, a mammalian protein that promotes apoptosis by binding to and antagonizing IAP proteins","volume":"102","author":"Verhagen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000533200","article-title":"Molecular determinants of the caspase-promoting activity of Smac\/DIABLO and its role in the death receptor pathway","volume":"275","author":"Srinivasula","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80434-1","article-title":"Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1\/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80501-2","article-title":"Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3","volume":"90","author":"Zou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402028","article-title":"Apoptosome: A platform for the activation of initiator caspases","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, B.P., and McCormick, C. (2019). Herpesviruses and the Unfolded Protein Response. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201912.0040.v1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02124-06","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus UL38 protein blocks apoptosis","volume":"81","author":"Terhune","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02307-08","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus protein pUL38 induces ATF4 expression, inhibits persistent JNK phosphorylation, and suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death","volume":"83","author":"Xuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9103","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00572-11","article-title":"The human cytomegalovirus protein pUL38 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death independently of its ability to induce mTORC1 activation","volume":"85","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142984","article-title":"Complex I binding by a virally encoded RNA regulates mitochondria-induced cell death","volume":"316","author":"Reeves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Loewendorf, A., Wang, Q., McDonald, B., Redwood, A., and Benedict, C.A. (2014). Inhibition of the TRAIL death receptor by CMV reveals its importance in NK cell-mediated antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004268"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.003","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL141 targets the TRAIL death receptors to thwart host innate antiviral defenses","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141108798","article-title":"A cytomegalovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis that suppresses caspase-8 activation","volume":"98","author":"Skaletskaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.07.003","article-title":"Differential function and expression of the viral inhibitor of caspase 8-induced apoptosis (vICA) and the viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) cell death suppressors conserved in primate and rodent cytomegaloviruses","volume":"316","author":"McCormick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.10.5557-5570.2003","article-title":"Role of murine cytomegalovirus US22 gene family members in replication in macrophages","volume":"77","author":"Menard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry, M.Z., Kasmapour, B., Plaza-Sirvent, C., Bajagic, M., Casalegno Garduno, R., Borkner, L., Lenac Rovis, T., Scrima, A., Jonjic, S., and Schmitz, I. (2017). UL36 Rescues Apoptosis Inhibition and In vivo Replication of a Chimeric MCMV Lacking the M36 Gene. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00312"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01803-07","article-title":"Dominant-negative FADD rescues the in vivo fitness of a cytomegalovirus lacking an antiapoptotic viral gene","volume":"82","author":"Ruzsics","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.7.4098","article-title":"Up-regulation of Fas ligand expression by human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene product 2: A novel mechanism in cytomegalovirus-induced apoptosis in human retina","volume":"167","author":"Chiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.9.6199","article-title":"The immediate early 2 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) mediates the apoptotic control in HCMV retinitis through up-regulation of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein expression","volume":"177","author":"Chiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12536","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12536","article-title":"A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2","volume":"96","author":"Goldmacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401897101","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus cell death suppressor vMIA blocks Bax- but not Bak-mediated apoptosis by binding and sequestering Bax at mitochondria","volume":"101","author":"Arnoult","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22605","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M308408200","article-title":"An anti-apoptotic viral protein that recruits Bax to mitochondria","volume":"279","author":"Poncet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02710-07","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus proteins vMIA and m38.5 link mitochondrial morphogenesis to Bcl-2 family proteins","volume":"82","author":"Norris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick, A.L., Roback, L., and Mocarski, E.S. (2008). HtrA2\/Omi terminates cytomegalovirus infection and is controlled by the viral mitochondrial inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA). PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000063"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalhaes, A.C., Ferreira, A.R., Gomes, S., Vieira, M., Gouveia, A., Valenca, I., Islinger, M., Nascimento, R., Schrader, M., and Kagan, J.C. (2016). Peroxisomes are platforms for cytomegalovirus\u2019 evasion from the cellular immune response. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26028"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02570-07","article-title":"Murine cytomegalovirus m38.5 protein inhibits Bax-mediated cell death","volume":"82","author":"Jurak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0245-2","article-title":"The murine cytomegalovirus cell death suppressor m38.5 binds Bax and blocks Bax-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization","volume":"13","author":"Arnoult","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.152","article-title":"Virally mediated inhibition of Bax in leukocytes promotes dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus","volume":"16","author":"Manzur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.147","article-title":"Cytomegaloviruses inhibit Bak- and Bax-mediated apoptosis with two separate viral proteins","volume":"17","author":"Cam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001493","article-title":"Identification and functional analyses of a cell-death inhibitor encoded by guinea pig cytomegalovirus gp38.1 in cell culture and in animals","volume":"101","author":"Noguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162222","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01622-22","article-title":"Characterization of the Second Apoptosis Inhibitor Encoded by Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus","volume":"96","author":"Satoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, P., Kvansakul, M., Voigt, V., Kile, B.T., Kluck, R.M., Huang, D.C., Degli-Esposti, M.A., and Andoniou, C.E. (2013). MCMV-mediated inhibition of the pro-apoptotic Bak protein is required for optimal in vivo replication. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003192"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.002","article-title":"Gene products of the embedded m41\/m41.1 locus of murine cytomegalovirus differentially influence replication and pathogenesis","volume":"436","author":"Crosby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02657-12","article-title":"Viral inhibition of BAK promotes murine cytomegalovirus dissemination to salivary glands","volume":"87","author":"Handke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, P., Nagrani, L.N., Hernandez, L., McCormick, A.L., Dillon, C.P., Koehler, H.S., Roback, L., Alnemri, E.S., Green, D.R., and Mocarski, E.S. (2021). Multiple Autonomous Cell Death Suppression Strategies Ensure Cytomegalovirus Fitness. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091707"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.044","article-title":"Cell death","volume":"187","author":"Newton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.149","article-title":"Necroptosis in development, inflammation and disease","volume":"18","author":"Weinlich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc6178","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abc6178","article-title":"Location, location, location: A compartmentalized view of TNF-induced necroptotic signaling","volume":"14","author":"Samson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.05.037","article-title":"Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation","volume":"137","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.019","article-title":"The RIP1\/RIP3 necrosome forms a functional amyloid signaling complex required for programmed necrosis","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.031","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200012109","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like is a key receptor interacting protein 3 downstream component of TNF-induced necrosis","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.06.018","article-title":"The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism","volume":"39","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.003","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.01.016","article-title":"DAI Another Way: Necroptotic Control of Viral Infection","volume":"21","author":"Upton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.01.016","article-title":"DAI\/ZBP1\/DLM-1 complexes with RIP3 to mediate virus-induced programmed necrosis that is targeted by murine cytomegalovirus vIRA","volume":"11","author":"Upton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31268","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.462341","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3-mediated necrosis via TRIF, RIP3, and MLKL","volume":"288","author":"Kaiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16966","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C800051200","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus M45 cell death suppression requires receptor-interacting protein (RIP) homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent interaction with RIP1","volume":"283","author":"Upton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2008.09.008","article-title":"Tinkering with a viral ribonucleotide reductase","volume":"34","author":"Lembo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0624-1","article-title":"Herpesviruses induce aggregation and selective autophagy of host signalling proteins NEMO and RIPK1 as an immune-evasion mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Muscolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscolino, E., Luoto, L.M., and Brune, W. (2021). Viral Induced Protein Aggregation: A Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179624"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800168105","article-title":"Inhibition of proinflammatory and innate immune signaling pathways by a cytomegalovirus RIP1-interacting protein","volume":"105","author":"Mack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9963","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00684-14","article-title":"Murine cytomegalovirus virion-associated protein M45 mediates rapid NF-kappaB activation after infection","volume":"88","author":"Krause","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.03.006","article-title":"Virus inhibition of RIP3-dependent necrosis","volume":"7","author":"Upton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796476","article-title":"Sensing of viral and endogenous RNA by ZBP1\/DAI induces necroptosis","volume":"36","author":"Maelfait","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fliss, P.M., Jowers, T.P., Brinkmann, M.M., Holstermann, B., Mack, C., Dickinson, P., Hohenberg, H., Ghazal, P., and Brune, W. (2012). Viral mediated redirection of NEMO\/IKKgamma to autophagosomes curtails the inflammatory cascade. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002517"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.8.4278-4288.2004","article-title":"The ribonucleotide reductase R1 homolog of murine cytomegalovirus is not a functional enzyme subunit but is required for pathogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Lembo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.303","article-title":"A ribonucleotide reductase homolog of cytomegalovirus and endothelial cell tropism","volume":"291","author":"Brune","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.003","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus suppresses necroptosis in human cells","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.002","article-title":"RIP1\/RIP3 binding to HSV-1 ICP6 initiates necroptosis to restrict virus propagation in mice","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, K.M., Oh, S.E., Kim, Y.E., Han, T.H., and Ahn, J.H. (2017). Cooperative inhibition of RIP1-mediated NF-kappaB signaling by cytomegalovirus-encoded deubiquitinase and inactive homolog of cellular ribonucleotide reductase large subunit. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006423"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11635","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.646042","article-title":"Suppression of RIP3-dependent necroptosis by human cytomegalovirus","volume":"290","author":"Omoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001887117","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus protein pUL36: A dual cell death pathway inhibitor","volume":"117","author":"Nobre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscolino, E., Castiglioni, C., Brixel, R., Frascaroli, G., and Brune, W. (2021). Species-Specific Inhibition of Necroptosis by HCMV UL36. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112134"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huerfano, S., Sroller, V., Brustikova, K., Hornikova, L., and Forstova, J. (2022). The Interplay between Viruses and Host DNA Sensors. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040666"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Stavrakis, G., and Karaba, A.H. (2022). Herpesviruses and Inflammasomes: One Sensor Does Not Fit All. mBio, 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01737-21"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.02.004","article-title":"Inflammasome diversity: Exploring novel frontiers in the innate immune response","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.008","article-title":"Unified polymerization mechanism for the assembly of ASC-dependent inflammasomes","volume":"156","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507579112","article-title":"Structure and assembly of the mouse ASC inflammasome by combined NMR spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy","volume":"112","author":"Sborgi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02664","article-title":"Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf","volume":"430","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15541","article-title":"Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling","volume":"526","author":"Kayagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15514","article-title":"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death","volume":"526","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.139","article-title":"Gasdermin D is an executor of pyroptosis and required for interleukin-1beta secretion","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18590","article-title":"Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family","volume":"535","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607769113","article-title":"GsdmD p30 elicited by caspase-11 during pyroptosis forms pores in membranes","volume":"113","author":"Aglietti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18629","article-title":"Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores","volume":"535","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22393","article-title":"Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin","volume":"547","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03218-7","article-title":"NINJ1 mediates plasma membrane rupture during lytic cell death","volume":"591","author":"Kayagaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05991-z","article-title":"Structural basis of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture in cell death","volume":"618","author":"Degen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.008","article-title":"NINJ1 mediates plasma membrane rupture by cutting and releasing membrane disks","volume":"187","author":"David","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netea, M.G., Simon, A., van de Veerdonk, F., Kullberg, B.J., Van der Meer, J.W., and Joosten, L.A. (2010). IL-1beta processing in host defense: Beyond the inflammasomes. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000661"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000803","article-title":"Inflammasome-dependent release of the alarmin HMGB1 in endotoxemia","volume":"185","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1864","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses","volume":"11","author":"Rathinam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24846","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus triggers the assembly of AIM2 inflammasome in THP-1-derived macrophages","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202749","article-title":"Proteasomal degradation of herpes simplex virus capsids in macrophages releases DNA to the cytosol for recognition by DNA sensors","volume":"190","author":"Horan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45151-z","article-title":"A cytomegalovirus inflammasome inhibitor reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and pyroptosis","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, S., Brickey, W.J., and Ting, J.P. (2017). Inflammasomes in Myeloid Cells: Warriors Within. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MCHD-0049-2016"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108651","article-title":"Atypical cytomegalovirus retinal disease in pyroptosis-deficient mice with murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"209","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7678","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7678-7693.1999","article-title":"In vivo replication, latency, and immunogenicity of murine cytomegalovirus mutants with deletions in the M83 and M84 genes, the putative homologs of human cytomegalovirus pp65 (UL83)","volume":"73","author":"Morello","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.10.007","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pUL83 inhibits IFI16-mediated DNA sensing for immune evasion","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0673-5","article-title":"Interaction between HCMV pUL83 and human AIM2 disrupts the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botto, S., Abraham, J., Mizuno, N., Pryke, K., Gall, B., Landais, I., Streblow, D.N., Fruh, K.J., and DeFilippis, V.R. (2019). Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early 86-kDa Protein Blocks Transcription and Induces Degradation of the Immature Interleukin-1beta Protein during Virion-Mediated Activation of the AIM2 Inflammasome. mBio, 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02510-18"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.537","article-title":"Mouse Models for Cytomegalovirus Infections in Newborns and Adults","volume":"2","author":"Brizic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914667117","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus inhibition of extrinsic apoptosis determines fitness and resistance to cytotoxic CD8 T cells","volume":"117","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebermann, L., Ruzsics, Z., Guzman, C.A., van Rooijen, N., Casalegno-Garduno, R., Koszinowski, U., and Cicin-Sain, L. (2012). Block of death-receptor apoptosis protects mouse cytomegalovirus from macrophages and is a determinant of virulence in immunodeficient hosts. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003062"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.58","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling","volume":"16","author":"Broz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.10.004","article-title":"Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malireddi, R.K.S., Kesavardhana, S., and Kanneganti, T.D. (2019). ZBP1 and TAK1: Master Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome\/Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis (PAN-optosis). Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00406"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.040","article-title":"Caspase-6 Is a Key Regulator of Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, and Host Defense","volume":"181","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03875-8","article-title":"AIM2 forms a complex with pyrin and ZBP1 to drive PANoptosis and host defence","volume":"597","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/8\/1272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:32:44Z","timestamp":1760110364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/8\/1272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v16081272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16081272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]}}}