{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:59:17Z","timestamp":1783706357262,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Genomic Research and Design Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, a trend that has been seen in other countries with high mumps vaccination rates. To characterize mumps outbreaks in Canada, genomes from samples from Manitoba (n = 209), Newfoundland (n = 25), and Nova Scotia (n = 48) were sequenced and analysed by Bayesian inference. Whole genome sequencing was shown to be highly discriminatory for outbreak investigations compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. The results showed that mumps virus genotype G most likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US. Overall, this Canadian outbreak data from different provinces and ancestral strains demonstrates the benefits of molecular genomic data to better characterize mumps outbreaks, but also suggests genomics could further our understanding of the reasons for potential immune escape of mumps genotype G and evolution in highly vaccinated populations. With a possible endemic circulation of mumps genotype G and the remaining risk of new imported cases, increased surveillance and alternative vaccination strategies may be required for Canada to reach the current target for mumps or a future elimination status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1723439978000},"page":"1280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine Rae","family":"Frost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace Eunchong","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3397-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry","family":"Dust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cadham Provincial Lab, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Bullard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Cadham Provincial Lab, Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial University, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Hiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Severini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01954-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01954-17","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of laboratory methods and value of viral genotyping during an outbreak of mumps in a partially vaccinated population in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"56","author":"Nunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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