{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:29:18Z","timestamp":1778534958318,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the post-pandemic period, an endemic circulation of respiratory viruses has been re-established. Respiratory viruses are co-circulating with SARS-CoV-2. We performed a retrospective analysis of co-infections in primary care patients with medically attended acute respiratory infections (MAARI) who consulted from week 40\/2022 to week 39\/2023 and were tested for a panel of respiratory viruses. Out of 2099 samples tested, 1260 (60.0%) were positive for one virus. In 340 samples, co-infection was detected: two viruses in 281 (13.4%), three viruses in 51 (2.4%), and four viruses in eight (0.4%) samples. Respiratory viruses co-infected the patients with MAARI at very different rates. The lowest rates of co-infections were confirmed for influenza B (13.8%) and influenza A (22.9%) and the highest for human bocaviruses (84.0%) and human parechoviruses (82.1%). Co-infections were detected in 28.2% of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. SARS-CoV-2 has never been co-infected with influenza B virus, enterovirus or adenovirus, although the latter was found as a co-infecting virus with all other respiratory viruses tested. The rate of co-infections decreased significantly with increasing age (p-value 0.000), and no difference was found regarding gender (p-value 0.672). It is important to understand the epidemiology of respiratory co-infections for prevention and management decisions in patients with MAARI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1723528957000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of Co-Infections in Primary Care Patients with Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Infection in the 2022\/2023 Season"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"So\u010dan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Prosenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Mrzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S577","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz059","article-title":"Global Disease Burden Estimates of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Adults in 2015: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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