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The relationship between CD4+ T cells in both peripheral blood and granulomatous tissue, and the integrity of granulomas in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\u2013MTB co-infection, remains unexplored. This study collected biopsy specimens from 102 TB patients (53 with HIV-MTB co-infection and 49 only with TB). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed, followed by microscopic examination of the integrity of tuberculous granulomas. Through statistical analysis of peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts, tissue CD4+ T cell proportion, and the integrity of granulomas, it was observed that HIV infection leads to poor formation of tuberculous granulomas. Peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts were positively correlated with granuloma integrity, and there was a similar positive correlation between tissue CD4+ T cell proportions and granuloma integrity. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and the proportion of CD4+ T cells in granuloma tissues. Therefore, HIV infection could impact the morphology and structure of tuberculous granulomas, with a reduced proportion of both peripheral blood and tissue CD4+ T lymphocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:07:38Z","timestamp":1724296058000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["HIV-MTB Co-Infection Reduces CD4+ T Cells and Affects Granuloma Integrity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Suyue","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangkai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-8942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2023, November 26). 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