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Despite this, the development of an effective anti-HCV vaccine remains a critical challenge due to the low number of patients treated with DAAs and the occurrence of HCV reinfections in high-risk groups. Current vaccine strategies aim to stimulate either B-cell or T-cell responses. Vaccines based on E1 and E2 proteins can elicit broad cross-neutralizing antibodies against all major HCV genotypes, though with varying efficiencies and without full protection against infection. In humans, the neutralizing antibodies induced by such vaccines mainly target the AR3 region, but their levels are generally insufficient for broad neutralization. Various HCV proteins expressed through different viral vectors have been utilized to elicit T cell immune responses, showing sustained expansion of HCV-specific effector memory T cells and improved proliferation and polyfunctionality of memory T cells over time. However, despite these advancements, the frequency and effectiveness of T-cell responses remain limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16081337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:07:38Z","timestamp":1724296058000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Update on Hepatitis C Vaccine: Results and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2687-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Rosa","family":"Garbuglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pauciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8996-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verdiana","family":"Zulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Del Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cCharles Darwin\u201d, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence","volume":"57","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30181-9","article-title":"Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: A modelling study","volume":"2","author":"Blach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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