{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:16:31Z","timestamp":1790619391912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present four cases of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) infection in children aged between 1 month and 4 years. Among these cases, two siblings were hospitalized with similar symptoms. Among the four pediatric cases of patients with HBoV infection, three were associated with acute respiratory failure and spontaneous pneumothorax, and two of these presented with subcutaneous emphysema. The presented patients were young children, aged between 1 month and 4 years, two of whom were siblings, suggesting a possible intrafamilial transmission of HBoV1 infection. These cases highlight the importance of considering HBoV as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Early recognition and appropriate medical care are important in treating HBoV infection in young children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:38:43Z","timestamp":1724416723000},"page":"1347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Life-Threatening Conditions in Children with Bocavirus Infection-Case Series and Mini Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"T\u0103t\u0103ranu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Galos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Curie Emergency Children Hospital, 077120 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Anchidin-Norocel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Axinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3210-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorin","family":"Axinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"T\u0103t\u0103ranu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Terteliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d Emergency Hospital, 720237 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smaranda","family":"Diaconescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cTitu Maiorescu\u201d University of Medicine, 031593 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8684","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i39.8684","article-title":"Human Bocavirus: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges","volume":"22","author":"Guido","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trapani, S., Caporizzi, A., Ricci, S., and Indolfi, G. (2023). Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a \u201cPassenger\u201d Virus? A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051243"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28350","article-title":"Human Bocavirus in Saudi Arabia: Molecular Epidemiology and Co-Infections among Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections during 2014\u20132016","volume":"10","author":"Farrag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12066","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i33.12066","article-title":"Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, Rapid Diagnosis, and Emergency Treatment of Neonatal Perioperative Pneumothorax","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J., Yang, Z., He, Y., Wei, J., Ren, L., Liu, E., and Zang, N. (2022). Respiratory Tract Infection of Fatal Severe Human Bocavirus 1 in a 13-Month-Old Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.949817"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1674","article-title":"The Canine Minute Virus (Minute Virus of Canines) Is a Distinct Parvovirus That Is Most Similar to Bovine Parvovirus","volume":"302","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caporizzi, A., Ravid\u00e0, F., Barneschi, S., Moriondo, M., Nieddu, F., Boscia, S., Stinco, M., Ricci, S., and Trapani, S. (2024). Analysis of a Cohort of 165 Pediatric Patients with Human Bocavirus Infection and Comparison between Mono-Infection and Respiratory Co-Infections: A Retrospective Study. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010055"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2008.01442.x","article-title":"Detection of Human Bocavirus in Hospitalised Children","volume":"45","author":"Dina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhang, F.-Z., Huang, M.-X., Tao, X., Wu, L., Jia, X., and Tang, L.-F. (2024). Plastic Bronchitis Associated with Human Bocavirus 1 Infection in Children. Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e22127","article-title":"Prevalence and Clinical Characterization of Bocavirus Infection in a Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alkhalf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"240","article-title":"Necrotising Pneumonia in Children","volume":"15","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"V26","article-title":"Case Report: Traumatic Tension Pneumothorax in a Pediatric Patient","volume":"6","author":"Tritsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Teach. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovandaric, M.Z., Milenkovic, S.J., Dotlic, J., Babovic, I.R., Jestrovic, Z., Milosevic, B., Culjic, M., and Babic, S. (2022). Neonatal Pneumothorax Outcome in Preterm and Term Newborns. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070965"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.37897\/RJMP.2019.2.14","article-title":"The Etiology and Therapeutic Management of Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum in Children","volume":"14","author":"Ulmeanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Med. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0815","article-title":"Case Report: Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum as Uncommon Complications of COVID-19 Pneumonia\u2014Literature Review","volume":"103","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filip, F., Terteliu Baitan, M., Caliman Sturdza, O.A., Gheorghita Puscaselu, R., and Filip, R. (2022). Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a 16-Year-Old Patient with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A North-East Romanian Case. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111641"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"101548","article-title":"Pediatric Pneumothorax: Case Studies and Review of Current Literature","volume":"34","author":"Yousuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonay Yal\u00e7\u0131n C\u00f6mert, H. (2022). Pneumothorax in Children. Pleura\u2014A Surgical Perspective, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100329"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00005310","article-title":"Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Cause","volume":"19","author":"Noppen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.10.008","article-title":"Pediatric Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Does Initial Treatment Affect Outcomes?","volume":"259","author":"Lewit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.08.009","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Human Bocavirus Infection","volume":"43","author":"Lindner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix169","article-title":"Comparative Diagnosis of Human Bocavirus 1 Respiratory Infection With Messenger RNA Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA Quantitative PCR, and Serology","volume":"215","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0631-8","article-title":"Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"167","author":"Koskenvuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.06.014","article-title":"Human Bocavirus Infection as a Cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Children","volume":"21","author":"Moesker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02362-10","article-title":"Human Bocavirus as the Cause of a Life-Threatening Infection","volume":"49","author":"Steyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.720","article-title":"Human Bocavirus\u2014The First 5\u2009Years","volume":"22","author":"Jartti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1086\/512196","article-title":"Human Bocavirus and Acute Wheezing in Children","volume":"44","author":"Allander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1086\/519505","article-title":"Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Asthma","volume":"45","author":"Gendrel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16699","article-title":"Human Bocavirus 1 Epidemiology in Children in Relation to Virus Load and Codetection","volume":"112","author":"Oldhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001681","article-title":"Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Caused by Human Bocavirus 1 in an Infant","volume":"36","author":"Eskola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-019-2222-5","article-title":"Acute Human Bocavirus 1 Infection in Child with Life-Threatening Bilateral Bronchiolitis and Right-Sided Pneumonia: A Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Ziemele","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.09.008","article-title":"Human Bocaviruses: Possible Etiologic Role in Respiratory Infection","volume":"72","author":"Broccolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1086\/505399","article-title":"Human Bocavirus: Prevalence and Clinical Spectrum at a Children\u2019s Hospital","volume":"43","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00324-5","article-title":"Human Bocavirus in Children Hospitalized for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Rome","volume":"16","author":"Petrarca","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.110078","article-title":"Bocavirus in Children with Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.151437","article-title":"Clinical Description of Human Bocavirus Viremia in Children with LRTI, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Bubshait","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1086\/508219","article-title":"Epidemiological Profile and Clinical Associations of Human Bocavirus and Other Human Parvoviruses","volume":"194","author":"Manning","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarciuc, P., Ple\u0219ca, D.A., Duduciuc, A., Gimiga, N., T\u0103t\u0103ranu, E., Herdea, V., Ion, L.M., and Diaconescu, S. (2022). Self-Medication Patterns during a Pandemic: A Qualitative Study on Romanian Mothers\u2019 Beliefs toward Self-Treatment of Their Children. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091602"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104453","article-title":"Human Bocavirus Infection and Respiratory Tract Disease Identified in a UK Patient Cohort","volume":"129","author":"Bagasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24263","article-title":"Atypical Presentation of Human Bocavirus: Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Complicated with Encephalopathy","volume":"87","author":"Akturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04853-0","article-title":"Bronchiolitis 2021\u20132022 Epidemic: Multicentric Analysis of the Characteristics and Treatment Approach in 214 Children from Different Areas in Italy","volume":"182","author":"Carlone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12475","article-title":"Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum as a Complication in Human Bocavirus Infection","volume":"56","author":"Pekcan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130074","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Human Bocavirus 1 Infections in a Family, Finland","volume":"19","author":"Jula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Deng, X., Yan, Z., Cheng, F., Luo, Y., Shen, W., Lei-Butters, D.C.M., Chen, A.Y., Li, Y., and Tang, L. (2012). Establishment of a Reverse Genetics System for Studying Human Bocavirus in Human Airway Epithelia. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002899"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-417","article-title":"Does Human Bocavirus Infection Depend on Helper Viruses? A Challenging Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Streiter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.03.032","article-title":"Human Bocavirus Infection in Children Hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis in China","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890240211","article-title":"An Electron Microscopical Investigation of Faecal Small Round Viruses","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Feigin, R.D., Cherry, J.D., Demmler-Harrison, G.J., and Kaplan, S.L. (2009). Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2024, June 15). Available online: https:\/\/Insp.Gov.Ro\/Download\/Analiza-Bolilor-Transmisibile-Aflate-in-Supraveghere-Raport-Pentru-Anul-2022\/."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:06Z","timestamp":1760110926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v16091347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16091347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]}}}