{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:49:54Z","timestamp":1761324594269,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have documented prolonged expression of viral antigens and RNA and associated inflammation after infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a substantial proportion of infected patients. The persisting SARS-CoV-2 effects and findings, with inflammation associated with continued detection of viral antigens, especially resemble those previously reported for influenza virus, as well as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The reports indicate the need for improved insight into the mechanisms whereby post-SARS-CoV-2 infection-related illness is apparently more common and perhaps even more persistent after infection than observed for other respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1724636929000},"page":"1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Findings Related to Persisting Viral Antigen and Inflammation Resemble Those Reported for Influenza Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4427-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Norbert J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01810-6","article-title":"Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes","volume":"28","author":"Choutka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00815-0","article-title":"Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection: Significance and implications","volume":"24","author":"Machkovech","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00684-9","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following hospital admission for COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: A cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk3295","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adk3295","article-title":"Tissue-based T cell activation and viral RNA persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Peluso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01724-6","article-title":"Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"25","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupi, L., Vitiello, A., Parolin, C., Calistri, A., and Garzino-Demo, A. (2024). The Potential Role of Viral Persistence in the Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC). Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050388"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86002","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86002","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)","volume":"12","author":"Sherif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00172113","article-title":"Prolonged shedding of rhinovirus and re-infection in adults with respiratory tract illness","volume":"44","author":"Zlateva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ486","article-title":"Community Surveillance of Respiratory Viruses among Families in the Utah Better Identification of Germs-Longitudinal Viral Epidemiology (BIG-LoVE) Study","volume":"61","author":"Byington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200609-1387ED","article-title":"Rhinovirus infections: More than a common cold","volume":"174","author":"Hershenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1919.00090240081006","article-title":"On the clinical evidence of involvement of the suprarenal glands in influenza and influenzal pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Cowie","year":"1919","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.01.007","article-title":"Influenza Casts a Lung Shadow","volume":"187","author":"Hartshorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"730","article-title":"Alveolitis induced by influenza virus","volume":"128","author":"Jakab","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.12.012","article-title":"Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Regulation of Lung Repair during Recovery from Influenza Infection","volume":"187","author":"Pociask","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.015","article-title":"Residual antigen presentation after influenza virus infection affects CD8 T cell activation and migration","volume":"24","author":"Zammit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800671","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Infection Causes Chronic Lung Disease Linked to Sites of Active Viral RNA Remnants","volume":"201","author":"Keeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.11.017","article-title":"Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activation in Macrophages Contributes to Persistent Lung Inflammation following Respiratory Tract Viral Infection","volume":"194","author":"Huckestein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix571","article-title":"Severe Influenza Is Characterized by Prolonged Immune Activation: Results from the SHIVERS Cohort Study","volume":"217","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.03.014","article-title":"Persistence of proinflammatory response after severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in children","volume":"119","author":"Alonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1086\/592714","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in the lungs correlates with airway hyperreactivity in the mouse model","volume":"198","author":"Estripeaut","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1203OC","article-title":"Latency and persistence of respiratory syncytial virus despite T cell immunity","volume":"169","author":"Schwarze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamanna, F., Veronesi, F., Martini, L., Landini, M.P., and Fini, M. (2021). Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: The Persistent Symptoms at the Post-viral Stage of the Disease. A Systematic Review of the Current Data. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.653516"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.11370","article-title":"Evidence Mounts That About 7% of US Adults Have Had Long COVID","volume":"332","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101642","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the lung proteome reveals persistent repair months after mild to moderate COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Kanth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, L.N., Bonilla, H., Hedlin, H., Jacobson, K.B., Tian, L., Jagannathan, P., Yang, P.C., Subramanian, A.K., Liang, J.W., and Shen, S. (2024). Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir and Symptoms in Adults with Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The STOP-PASC Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern. Med., E1\u2013E11.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.2007"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00735-1","article-title":"Synbiotics in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome-a potential new treatment framework?","volume":"24","author":"Raman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vehar, S., Boushra, M., Ntiamoah, P., and Biehl, M. (2021). Update to post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Caring for the \u2018long-haulers\u2019. Clevel. Clin. J. Med., 91.","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.88a.21010-up"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e057885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057885","article-title":"Non-pharmacological therapies for postviral syndromes, including Long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","volume":"12","author":"Chandan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montani, D., Savale, L., Noel, N., Meyrignac, O., Colle, R., Gasnier, M., Corruble, E., Beurnier, A., Jutant, E.M., and Pham, T. (2022). Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Eur. Respir. Rev., 31.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0185-2021"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:44Z","timestamp":1760110964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v16091353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16091353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]}}}