{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:02:08Z","timestamp":1785452528438,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N93021C00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A and influenza B viruses (FLUAV and FLUBV, respectively) cause significant respiratory disease, hospitalization, and mortality each year. Despite causing at least 25% of the annual disease burden, FLUBV is historically understudied. Unlike FLUAVs, which possess pandemic potential due to their many subtypes and broad host range, FLUBVs are thought to be restricted to only humans and are limited to two lineages. The hemagglutinins (HA) of both influenza types bind glycans terminating in \u03b12,6- or \u03b12,3-sialic acids. For FLUAV, the tropism of human- and avian-origin viruses is well-defined and determined by the terminal sialic acid configuration the HA can accommodate, with avian-origin viruses binding \u03b12,3-linked sialic acids and human-origin viruses binding \u03b12,6-linked sialic acids. In contrast, less is known about FLUBV receptor binding and its impact on host tropism. This review discusses the current literature on FLUBV receptor specificity, HA glycosylation, and their roles in virus tropism, evolution, and infection. While the focus is on findings in the past dozen years, it should be noted that the most current approaches for measuring virus\u2013glycan interactions have not yet been applied to FLUBV and knowledge gaps remain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1724636929000},"page":"1356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influenza B Virus Receptor Specificity: Closing the Gap between Binding and Tropism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7987-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline K.","family":"Page","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Mark","family":"Tompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Center for Influenza Disease and Emergence Response (CIDER), University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caini, S., Kusznierz, G., Garate, V.V., Wangchuk, S., Thapa, B., de Paula J\u00fanior, F.J., de Almeida, W.A.F., Njouom, R., Fasce, R.A., and Bustos, P. 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