{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:52:52Z","timestamp":1785293572572,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["RO1 AI142985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI142985"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["R21 AI128556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI128556"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["W81XW81XWH1910496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XW81XWH1910496"]}]},{"name":"DoD","award":["RO1 AI142985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 AI142985"]}]},{"name":"DoD","award":["R21 AI128556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI128556"]}]},{"name":"DoD","award":["W81XW81XWH1910496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XW81XWH1910496"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mammarenavirus matrix Z protein plays critical roles in virus assembly and cell egress. Meanwhile, heterotrimer complexes of a stable signal peptide (SSP) together with glycoprotein subunits GP1 and GP2, generated via co-and post-translational processing of the surface glycoprotein precursor GPC, form the spikes that decorate the virion surface and mediate virus cell entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The Z protein and the SSP undergo N-terminal myristoylation by host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMT1 and NMT2), and G2A mutations that prevent myristoylation of Z or SSP have been shown to affect the Z-mediated virus budding and GP2-mediated fusion activity that is required to complete the virus cell entry process. In the present work, we present evidence that the validated on-target specific pan-NMT inhibitor DDD85646 exerts a potent antiviral activity against the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) that correlates with reduced Z budding activity and GP2-mediated fusion activity as well as with proteasome-mediated degradation of the Z protein. The potent anti-mammarenaviral activity of DDD85646 was also observed with the hemorrhagic-fever-causing Junin (JUNV) and Lassa (LASV) mammarenaviruses. Our results support the exploration of NMT inhibition as a broad-spectrum antiviral against human pathogenic mammarenaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T10:01:51Z","timestamp":1724666511000},"page":"1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cellular N-Myristoyl Transferases Are Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haydar","family":"Witwit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8048-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Cubitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roaa","family":"Khafaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinrich","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9654-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1934-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Martinez-Sobrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., and Whelan, S. (2022). Fields Virology: Emerging Viruses: Arenaviridae. Fields Virology, Lippincott & Wilkins. [7th ed.]. Vol I: Emerging Viruses."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221447598","article-title":"The Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Precursor GP-C Is Proteolytically Processed by Subtilase SKI-1\/S1P","volume":"98","author":"Lenz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.2866-2872.2003","article-title":"Endoproteolytic Processing of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Glycoprotein by the Subtilase SKI-1\/S1P","volume":"77","author":"Beyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00421-5","article-title":"Mechanisms for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Glycoprotein Cleavage, Transport, and Incorporation into Virions","volume":"314","author":"Kunz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02392-07","article-title":"Site 1 Protease Is Required for Proteolytic Processing of the Glycoproteins of the South American Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Junin, Machupo, and Guanarito","volume":"82","author":"Rojek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.04.026","article-title":"Novel Insights into Cell Entry of Emerging Human Pathogenic Arenaviruses","volume":"430","author":"Fedeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallam, S.J., Koma, T., Maruyama, J., and Paessler, S. (2018). Review of Mammarenavirus Biology and Replication. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01751"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80060-4","article-title":"Myristic Acid Analogs Are Inhibitors of Junin Virus Replication","volume":"1","author":"Cordo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11443","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.20.11443-11448.2004","article-title":"Myristoylation of the RING Finger Z Protein Is Essential for Arenavirus Budding","volume":"78","author":"Perez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00642-06","article-title":"Role of the Stable Signal Peptide of Jun\u00edn Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein in pH-Dependent Membrane Fusion","volume":"80","author":"York","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.03.006","article-title":"Validation and Invalidation of Chemical Probes for the Human N-Myristoyltransferases","volume":"26","author":"Kallemeijn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbic Ramljak, I., Stanger, J., Real-Hohn, A., Dreier, D., Wimmer, L., Redlberger-Fritz, M., Fischl, W., Klingel, K., Mihovilovic, M.D., and Blaas, D. (2018). Cellular N-Myristoyltransferases Play a Crucial Picornavirus Genus-Specific Role in Viral Assembly, Virion Maturation, and Infectivity. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007203"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08893","article-title":"N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors as New Leads to Treat Sleeping Sickness","volume":"464","author":"Frearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10783","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10783-10792.2004","article-title":"The Signal Peptide of the Jun\u00edn Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Is Myristoylated and Forms an Essential Subunit of the Mature G1\u2013G2 Complex","volume":"78","author":"York","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01124-16","article-title":"Myristoylation of the Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Stable Signal Peptide Is Critical for Membrane Fusion but Dispensable for Virion Morphogenesis","volume":"90","author":"York","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw4912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4912","article-title":"A Glycine-Specific N-Degron Pathway Mediates the Quality Control of Protein N-Myristoylation","volume":"365","author":"Timms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.020","article-title":"Clinical Sequencing Uncovers Origins and Evolution of Lassa Virus","volume":"162","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7426.1271","article-title":"Lassa Fever: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Social Consequences","volume":"327","author":"Richmond","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102031","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Lassa Fever","volume":"4","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Griffin, D., Lamb, R., Martin, M., Roizman, B., and Straus, S. (2007). Fields Virology: Emerging Viruses. Arenaviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW). [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.05.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"17","author":"Bray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102317","article-title":"Jun\u00edn Virus Pathogenesis and Virus Replication","volume":"4","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, A.P., Cheng, V., Edwards, T., Olliaro, P., Sterne, J., and Horby, P. (2021). Time to Reconsider the Role of Ribavirin in Lassa Fever. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009522"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowen, B.B., Juelich, T.L., Sefing, E.J., Brasel, T., Smith, J.K., Zhang, L., Tigabu, B., Hill, T.E., Yun, T., and Pietzsch, C. (2013). Favipiravir (T-705) Inhibits Jun\u00edn Virus Infection and Reduces Mortality in a Guinea Pig Model of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002614"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safronetz, D., Rosenke, K., Westover, J.B., Martellaro, C., Okumura, A., Furuta, Y., Geisbert, J., Saturday, G., Komeno, T., and Geisbert, T.W. (2015). The Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Favipiravir Protects Guinea Pigs from Lethal Lassa Virus Infection Post-Disease Onset. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14775"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendenhall, M., Russell, A., Smee, D.F., Hall, J.O., Skirpstunas, R., Furuta, Y., and Gowen, B.B. (2011). Effective Oral Favipiravir (T-705) Therapy Initiated after the Onset of Clinical Disease in a Model of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Fever. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001342"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.02.012","article-title":"Evaluation of Lassa Antiviral Compound ST-193 in a Guinea Pig Model","volume":"90","author":"Cashman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15094","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e15094","article-title":"A First-in-Human, Open-Label, Phase I Trial of Daily Oral PCLX-001, an NMT Inhibitor, in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory B-Cell Lymphomas and Advanced Solid Tumors","volume":"41","author":"Sangha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29030158","article-title":"Novel, First-in-Human, Oral PCLX-001 Treatment in a Patient with Relapsed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Sangha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwasaki, M., Minder, P., Ca\u00ec, Y., Kuhn, J.H., Yates, J.R., Torbett, B.E., and de la Torre, J.C. (2018). Interactome Analysis of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein in Infected Cells Reveals ATPase Na+\/K+ Transporting Subunit Alpha 1 and Prohibitin as Host-Cell Factors Involved in the Life Cycle of Mammarenaviruses. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006892"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02102-10","article-title":"Rescue from Cloned cDNAs and In Vivo Characterization of Recombinant Pathogenic Romero and Live-Attenuated Candid #1 Strains of Junin Virus, the Causative Agent of Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Disease","volume":"85","author":"Emonet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01014-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01014-20","article-title":"Development of Reverse Genetics for the Prototype New World Mammarenavirus Tacaribe Virus","volume":"94","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukashevich, I.S., Paessler, S., and de la Torre, J.C. (2019). Lassa Virus Diversity and Feasibility for Universal Prophylactic Vaccine. F1000Research, 8, F1000 Faculty Rev-134.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16989.1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01883-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01883-23","article-title":"Activation of Protein Kinase Receptor (PKR) Plays a pro-Viral Role in Mammarenavirus-Infected Cells","volume":"98","author":"Witwit","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.012","article-title":"Rescue of the Prototypic Arenavirus LCMV Entirely from Plasmid","volume":"350","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(91)90018-U","article-title":"Quantification of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus with an Immunological Focus Assay in 24- or 96-Well Plates","volume":"33","author":"Battegay","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.2.1184-1194.2003","article-title":"Characterization of the Genomic Promoter of the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus","volume":"77","author":"Perez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.008","article-title":"A Cell-Based Luciferase Assay Amenable to High-Throughput Screening of Inhibitors of Arenavirus Budding","volume":"382","author":"Capul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.08.025","article-title":"Quantitative PCR (QPCR) Technique for Detecting Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) in Vivo","volume":"147","author":"McCausland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paape, D., Bell, A.S., Heal, W.P., Hutton, J.A., Leatherbarrow, R.J., Tate, E.W., and Smith, D.F. (2014). Using a Non-Image-Based Medium-Throughput Assay for Screening Compounds Targeting N-Myristoylation in Intracellular Leishmania Amastigotes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003363"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2133782100","article-title":"The Small RING Finger Protein Z Drives Arenavirus Budding: Implications for Antiviral Strategies","volume":"100","author":"Perez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06604-11","article-title":"The PI3K\/Akt Pathway Contributes to Arenavirus Budding","volume":"86","author":"Urata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1001","article-title":"Mechanism of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Entry into Cells","volume":"198","author":"Borrow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01321064","article-title":"The Entry of Junin Virus into Vero Cells","volume":"136","author":"Castilla","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05539","article-title":"Transferrin Receptor 1 Is a Cellular Receptor for New World Haemorrhagic Fever Arenaviruses","volume":"446","author":"Radoshitzky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12419","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01219-10","article-title":"Proteasome Inhibition In Vivo Promotes Survival in a Lethal Murine Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.01.002","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase 2 Binds Myristate to Regulate Retrovirus Assembly and TLR4 Signaling","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00663-2","article-title":"Protein N-Myristoylation: Functions and Mechanisms in Control of Innate Immunity","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.07.050","article-title":"Selective Inhibition of Heme Oxygenase-2 Activity by Analogs of 1-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-(Pyrrolidin-1-Ylmethyl)-1H-Benzimidazole (Clemizole): Exploration of the Effects of Substituents at the N-1 Position","volume":"21","author":"Vlahakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floresta, G., Fallica, A.N., Romeo, G., Sorrenti, V., Salerno, L., Rescifina, A., and Pittal\u00e0, V. (2020). Identification of a Potent Heme Oxygenase-2 (HO-2) Inhibitor by Targeting the Secondary Hydrophobic Pocket of the HO-2 Western Region. Bioorg. Chem., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104310"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201500128","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationships of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles: Selective Inhibition of Heme Oxygenase-2 Activity","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111703","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-2 (HO-2) as a Therapeutic Target: Activators and Inhibitors","volume":"183","author":"Intagliata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-93","article-title":"The Role of Myristoylation in the Membrane Association of the Lassa Virus Matrix Protein Z","volume":"3","author":"Strecker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5919","article-title":"Global Profiling of Co- and Post-Translationally N-Myristoylated Proteomes in Human Cells","volume":"5","author":"Thinon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100677","article-title":"Application of Liquid-Liquid Extraction for N-Terminal Myristoylation Proteomics","volume":"22","author":"Tsumagari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takamitsu, E., Otsuka, M., Haebara, T., Yano, M., Matsuzaki, K., Kobuchi, H., Moriya, K., and Utsumi, T. (2015). Identification of Human N-Myristoylated Proteins from Human Complementary DNA Resources by Cell-Free and Cellular Metabolic Labeling Analyses. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136360"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36332-3","article-title":"Myristic Acid as a Checkpoint to Regulate STING-Dependent Autophagy and Interferon Responses by Promoting N-Myristoylation","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, S.D., Smiley, J.R., and Bushman, F.D. (2008). The Interferon Response Inhibits HIV Particle Production by Induction of TRIM22. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000007"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11330","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00763-09","article-title":"Identification of Amino Acid Residues Critical for the Anti-Interferon Activity of the Nucleoprotein of the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus","volume":"83","author":"Emonet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.10.015","article-title":"HIV-1 Production Is Specifically Associated with Human NMT1 Long Form in Human NMT Isozymes","volume":"10","author":"Takamune","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Immerheiser, M., Zimniak, M., Hilpert, H., Geiger, N., K\u00f6nig, E.-M., and Bodem, J. (2021). Towards a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral, the Myristoyltransferase Inhibitor IMP-1088 Suppresses Viral Replication\u2014The Yellow Fever NS5 Is Myristoylated. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2021.03.09.434547.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.434547"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-018-0039-2","article-title":"Fragment-Derived Inhibitors of Human N-Myristoyltransferase Block Capsid Assembly and Replication of the Common Cold Virus","volume":"10","author":"Mousnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baillet, N., Krieger, S., Carnec, X., Mateo, M., Journeaux, A., Merabet, O., Caro, V., Tangy, F., Vidalain, P.-O., and Baize, S. (2020). E3 Ligase ITCH Interacts with the Z Matrix Protein of Lassa and Mopeia Viruses and Is Required for the Release of Infectious Particles. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010049"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W221","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae238","article-title":"DEGRONOPEDIA: A Web Server for Proteome-Wide Inspection of Degrons","volume":"52","author":"Szulc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iyaa031","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaa031","article-title":"Protein Quality Control Degron-Containing Substrates Are Differentially Targeted in the Cytoplasm and Nucleus by Ubiquitin Ligases","volume":"217","author":"Hickey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veits, G.K., Henderson, C.S., Vogelaar, A., Eron, S.J., Lee, L., Hart, A., Deibler, R.W., Baddour, J., Elam, W.A., and Agafonov, R.V. (2021). Development of an AchillesTAG Degradation System and Its Application to Control CAR-T Activity. Curr. Res. Chem. Biol., 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crchbi.2021.100010"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105846","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105846","article-title":"The C-degron Pathway Eliminates Mislocalized Proteins and Products of Deubiquitinating Enzymes","volume":"40","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100575","article-title":"Generation of Locus-Specific Degradable Tag Knock-Ins in Mouse and Human Cell Lines","volume":"2","author":"Damhofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9415","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.9415-9426.2001","article-title":"RING Finger Z Protein of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Inhibits Transcription and RNA Replication of an LCMV S-Segment Minigenome","volume":"75","author":"Cornu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.6b00371","article-title":"N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibition Induces ER-Stress, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells","volume":"11","author":"Thinon","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00074-2","article-title":"Oral Prenylation Inhibition with Lonafarnib in Chronic Hepatitis D Infection: A Proof-of-Concept Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2A Trial","volume":"15","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1362\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:01Z","timestamp":1760110981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/9\/1362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v16091362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16091362","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.08.01.606235","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}