{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:24:12Z","timestamp":1792682652249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Padua","award":["DOR-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOR-2022"]}]},{"name":"University of Padua","award":["DOR-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOR-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the prevalence and patterns of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) and HIV-1 subtypes among antiretroviral therapy (ART) na\u00efve individuals in Veneto, Italy, from 2017 to 2024. This research aims to understand the dynamic landscape of TDRMs and HIV-1 genetic diversity to inform treatment strategies effectively. We included all adult ART-na\u00efve people with HIV (PWH) from seven infectious disease units in Veneto, Italy. We collected the genotypic resistance testing conducted to predict drug susceptibility and subtype distribution using the Stanford HIVdb algorithm. We included 762 PWH, showing a slight but statistically significant decline in the B subtype among Italian PWH (p = 0.045) and an increase in non-B subtypes among foreigners, though it was not statistically significant (p = 0.333). The most frequent mutations were in Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), especially in non-B subtypes, with a notable rise from 10.7% in 2017\u20132019 to 15.5% in 2020\u20132024. Notably, TDRMs were consistently detected, highlighting an ongoing challenge despite the stable prevalence observed over the years. In addition, the data revealed a concerning rise in mutations against newer drug classes, such as integrase inhibitors. Conclusively, the study underscores the necessity of continuous surveillance of HIV subtypes and resistance patterns to adapt ART regimens optimally. Despite the stable levels of drug resistance, the emergence of resistance against newer drugs necessitates ongoing vigilance and possible adjustment in treatment protocols to enhance clinical outcomes and manage HIV drug resistance effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1725248721000},"page":"1393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patterns of Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations and HIV-1 Subtype Dynamics in ART-Na\u00efve Individuals in Veneto, Italy, from 2017 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Geremia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Dell\u2019Angelo, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Civile \u201cS.S. Giovanni e Paolo\u201d, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, School in Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Scaggiante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 1, 32100 Belluno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Giobbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 2, 35100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Battagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 8, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Dal Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6674-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 7, 36014 Santorso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 9, 37122 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Malena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, AULSS 5, 45100 Rovigo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Cattelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio Giuseppe","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The End of AIDS: HIV Infection as a Chronic Disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328333850f","article-title":"Strategies to Reduce Early Morbidity and Mortality in Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"5","author":"Lawn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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