{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:10:39Z","timestamp":1767856239206,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) has been identified a constellation of congenital anomalies caused by Zika Virus (ZKV) infection during pregnancy. The infection with ZKV could lead to microcephaly of the fetus due to a severe decrease in brain volume and reduced brain growth. The preliminary screening of CZS is based on measuring head circumference; the diagnosis is made if this measurement is below two standard deviations below the mean. The analyses of the 3D head features of infected infants are limited. This study analyzed 3D head images of 35 ZKV-positive cases with an average age of 16.8 \u00b1 2 months and 35 controls with an average age of 14.4 \u00b1 5 months. This study focused on identifying potential diagnostic characteristics of CZS. The 3D head images were captured using a 3D imaging system. The averaged images of the two groups were aligned to illustrate the size and shape differences. There were significant differences in centroid size, head circumference (HC), head height (HH), and chin height (CH) between the two groups. We also identified significant differences in the indices of chin height\/total facial height (CH\/TFH) and head height\/head circumference ratio (HH\/HC) between the CZS and control cases. An HH\/HC of 0.49 showed a sensitivity of 0.86 and a specificity of 0.74 in diagnosing CZS, which is more sensitive than the routinely used HC measurement. The index of HH\/HC has potential to be used as the gold standard for the early screening for the detection of CZS cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1725336401000},"page":"1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["3D Head Shape Feature Analysis of Zika-Infected Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3471-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Devices Unit, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mossey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Hospital School, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"i657","article-title":"Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO","volume":"352","author":"Gulland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. 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Congenital Zika Syndrome and Other Birth Defects, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/czs\/?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pregnancy\/zika\/testing-follow-up\/zika-syndrome-birth-defects.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00273-7","article-title":"Microcephaly in Brazil: How to interpret reported numbers?","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, X., J\u00fanior, I.R.G., Silva, L.D.F., Mossey, P., Al-Rudainy, D., and Ayoub, A. (2018, January 13\u201315). 3D Head Shape Analysis of Suspected Zika Infected Infants. Proceedings of the 2018 11th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI.2018.8633125"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub, A., de Freitas Silva, L., Mossey, P., Al-Rudainy, D., de Mattos, A.M., Garcia J\u00fanior, I.R., Quigley, A., and Ju, X. (2021). The Characterisation of the Craniofacial Morphology of Infants Born with Zika Virus; Innovative Approach for Public Health Surveillance and Broad Clinical Applications. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.612596"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61980","article-title":"Defining dysmorphic facial features in congenital Zika syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Fonteles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ju, X., and Siebert, J.P. (2001, January 4\u20135). Conforming generic animatable models to 3D scanned data. 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