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individuals. The CMVR may initially be asymptomatic; however, relatively mild vitreous inflammation at the onset may be an important differential point from other diseases in HIV patients. Fundus photography, CD4 T-cell count, and telemedicine could be used to screen and monitor the high-risk population, particularly in resource-limited regions. Retinitis generally starts in the peripheral retina and advances toward the posterior pole, which could develop to the characteristic \u201cpizza pie\u201d appearance marked by central retinal necrosis and intraretinal hemorrhage. CMVR causes vision loss if left untreated, and early antiviral therapy significantly reduces the risk of vision loss. Alongside traditional antiviral treatments, immunotherapies including CMV-specific adoptive T-cell therapy and CMV immunoglobulin (CMVIG) are emerging as promising treatment options due to their favorable tolerability and reduced mortality. This review comprehensively examines CMV retinitis, encompassing the clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory tests, and updated treatment strategies to inform clinical management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1725851058000},"page":"1427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3124-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koju","family":"Kamoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaru","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Miyagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ohno-Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Gomez, E., Perez-Carpena, P., Flook, M., and Lopez-Escamez, J.A. 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