{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:21:24Z","timestamp":1788967284259,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Canada intramural"},{"name":"Genomic Research and Development Initiative (GRDI)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent mumps outbreaks have been observed in vaccinated young adults due to the mumps virus (MuV) of genotype G, whereas the current vaccine is a mixture of two genotype A strains. These outbreaks could be attributed to waning vaccine immunity or the antigenic differences between the HN and F glycoproteins in the vaccine and circulating MuV. These glycoproteins are essential targets for the immune system, and antigenic variations may reduce the recognition of mumps antibodies, rendering the population susceptible to the MuV. We established stable cell lines expressing the MuV glycoproteins to study cross-reactivity between genotype A and genotype G. Cross-reactivity between the genotypes was evaluated via immunofluorescence using patient sera from vaccinated individuals, infected individuals, and vaccinated individuals infected with genotype G. Titer ratios showed that the vaccinated individuals exhibited a titer 3.68 times higher for the HN protein and 2.3 times higher for the F protein when comparing genotype A with genotype G. In contrast, the infected individuals showed a lower titer for genotype A compared with genotype G, at 0.43 and 0.33 for the HN and F proteins, respectively. No difference in titer ratio was observed for individuals vaccinated and subsequently infected with mumps. These findings suggest that antigenic variations between the two genotypes may potentially result in immune escape of the circulating strain, resulting in individuals susceptible to the MuV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1725851058000},"page":"1434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serologic Cross-Reactivity between the Mumps Virus Vaccine Genotype A Strain and the Circulating Genotype G Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sabaparvin","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine Rae","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Van Caeseele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Severini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4445","article-title":"Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus","volume":"235","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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