{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:57Z","timestamp":1760145837876,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation","award":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Republic of Cyprus","award":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"]}]},{"name":"University of Cyprus and the Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts","award":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXCELLENCE\/0918\/0093","240\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic has been a major public health threat on a global scale since the early 1980s. Despite the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the incidence of new HIV-1 infections continues to rise in some regions around the world. Thus, with the continuous transmission of HIV-1 and the lack of a cure, it is imperative for molecular epidemiological studies to be performed, to monitor the infection and ultimately be able to control the spread of this virus. This work provides a comprehensive molecular epidemiological analysis of the HIV-1 infection in Cyprus, through examining 305 HIV-1 sequences collected between 9 March 2017 and 14 October 2021. Employing advanced statistical and bioinformatic techniques, the research delved deeply into understanding the transmission dynamics of the HIV-1 epidemic in Cyprus, as well as the monitoring of HIV-1\u2019s genetic diversity and the surveillance of transmitted drug resistance. The characterization of Cyprus\u2019s HIV-1 epidemic revealed a diverse landscape, comprising 21 HIV-1 group M pure subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), alongside numerous uncharacterized recombinant strains. Subtypes A1 and B emerged as the most prevalent strains, followed by CRF02_AG. The findings of this study also revealed high levels of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) patterns, raising concerns for the efficacy of cART. The demographic profiles of individuals involved in HIV-1 transmission underscored the disproportionate burden borne by young to middle-aged Cypriot males, particularly those in the MSM community, who reported contracting the virus in Cyprus. An assessment of the spatiotemporal evolutionary dynamics illustrated the global interconnectedness of HIV-1 transmission networks, implicating five continents in the dissemination of strains within Cyprus: Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and Oceania. Overall, this study advances the comprehension of the HIV-1 epidemic in Cyprus and highlights the importance of understanding HIV-1\u2019s transmission dynamics through continuous surveillance efforts. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the critical role of state-of-the-art bioinformatics analyses in addressing the challenges posed by HIV-1 transmission globally, laying the groundwork for public health interventions aimed at curbing its spread and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1726050781000},"page":"1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping Transmission Dynamics and Drug Resistance Surveillance in the Cyprus HIV-1 Epidemic (2017\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9641-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cicek","family":"Topcu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6547-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Vrancken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johana Hezka","family":"Rodosthenous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"van de Vijver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Siakallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Clinic, Larnaca General Hospital, 6043 Larnaca, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5340-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leondios G.","family":"Kostrikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Cyprus Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts, 1011 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, January 24). 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