{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:54:54Z","timestamp":1783976094653,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3N0851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3N0851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG2F0323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG2F0323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRPG3P6021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRPG3P6021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3N0851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3N0851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG2F0323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG2F0323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRPG3P6021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRPG3P6021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant concern for patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV), even after achieving a sustained virological response (SVR) with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) or interferon (IFN)-based therapies. This study compared the risk of HCC in patients with HCV who achieved SVR through the DAA versus IFN regimens. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 4806 HCV patients, without coinfection nor prior HCC history, treated at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (DAA: 2825, IFN: 1981). Kaplan\u2013Meier and Cox regression analyses with propensity score matching (PSM) were used to adjust for baseline differences. Results: DAA-treated patients exhibited a higher incidence of HCC than IFN-treated patients before and after PSM (after PSM: annual: 1% vs. 0.5%; 6-year: 6% vs. 3%, p = 0.01). Both DAA and IFN patients had a decreased HCC incidence during follow-up (&gt;3 vs. &lt;3 years from the end of treatment: DAA: 1.43% vs. 1.00% per year; IFN: 0.47% vs. 0.36% per year, both p &lt; 0.05). HCC incidence was higher in the first three years post-SVR in DAA-treated ACLD patients and then decreased (3.26% vs. 1.39% per year, p &lt; 0.01). In contrast, HCC incidence remained constant in the non-ACLD and IFN-treated groups. Multivariate Cox regression identified age \u2265 60, male sex, BMI, AFP \u2265 6 ng\/mL, FIB-4, and ACLD status as independent risk factors for HCC, but antiviral regimens were not an independent factor for HCC. Conclusion: DAA treatment significantly affects HCC risk primarily within three years post-treatment, especially in younger HCV patients with ACLD. HCC incidence was reduced after three years in ACLD patients treated by DAA, but continued surveillance was still necessary. However, patients under 60 without advanced liver disease may require less intensive follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T03:34:20Z","timestamp":1726716860000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidences and Risk Factors in Hepatitis C Patients: Interferon versus Direct-Acting Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-7242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chung","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3162-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Er","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer Chia-Hung","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3706-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Juei","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong-Nan","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dar-In","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Shyan","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.012","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: Recent trends in 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