{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:50:25Z","timestamp":1792018225978,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK and the Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["971613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Official Development Assistance (ODA)","award":["971613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971613"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus causing a debilitating febrile illness with rheumatic disease symptoms of arthralgia and arthritis. Since its spread outside of Africa in 2005, it continues to cause outbreaks and disseminates into new territories. Intervention strategies are urgently required, including vaccination and antiviral approaches. To test efficacy, the use of small animal models is required. Two mouse strains, A129, with a deficiency in their type-I interferon (IFN) receptor, and C57BL\/6 are widely used. A direct comparison of these strains alongside the wild-type parental strain of the A129 mice, 129Sv\/Ev, was undertaken to assess clinical disease progression, viral loads in key tissues, histological changes and levels of sera biomarkers. Our results confirm the severe disease course in A129 mice which was not observed in the parental 129Sv\/Ev strain. Of the two wild-type strains, viral loads were higher in 129Sv\/Ev mice compared to C57BL\/6 counterparts. Our results have established these models and parameters for the future testing of vaccines and antiviral approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T11:19:33Z","timestamp":1727435973000},"page":"1534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of Chikungunya Virus-Induced Disease Progression and Pathogenesis in Type-I Interferon Receptor-Deficient Mice (A129) and Two Wild-Type (129Sv\/Ev and C57BL\/6) Mouse Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Easterbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Findlay-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3667-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Flett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3632-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fotheringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4309-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Almond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Dowall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, Wiltshire, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.3.491-562.1994","article-title":"The alphaviruses: Gene expression, replication, and evolution","volume":"58","author":"Strauss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(55)90081-X","article-title":"An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. II. General description and epidemiology","volume":"49","author":"Lumsden","year":"1955","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(55)90080-8","article-title":"An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. I. Clinical features","volume":"49","author":"Robinson","year":"1955","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.405","article-title":"Drought-associated chikungunya emergence along coastal East Africa","volume":"76","author":"Chretien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., Vanlandingham, D.L., McGee, C.E., and Higgs, S. (2007). A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"221","article-title":"Re-emergence of Chikungunya virus in Malaysia","volume":"61","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.03.013","article-title":"Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia","volume":"99","author":"Laras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20752","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20752","article-title":"Emergence of chikungunya fever on the French side of Saint Martin island, October to December 2013","volume":"19","author":"Cassadou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S436","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw391","article-title":"Chikungunya: Its History in Africa and Asia and Its Spread to New Regions in 2013-2014","volume":"214","author":"Zeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0814","article-title":"A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: Ecology, public health risks, and control options","volume":"12","author":"Medlock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3260","article-title":"An outbreak of chikungunya fever in the province of Ravenna, Italy","volume":"12","author":"Angelini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101873","article-title":"Chikungunya virus, southeastern France","volume":"17","author":"Grandadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.09.009","article-title":"UK vaccines network: Mapping priority pathogens of epidemic potential and vaccine pipeline developments","volume":"37","author":"Noad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxz012","article-title":"CEPI: Driving Progress toward Epidemic Preparedness and Response","volume":"41","author":"Gouglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00641-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine: A double-blind, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battisti, V., Urban, E., and Langer, T. (2021). Antivirals against the Chikungunya Virus. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071307"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.000232","article-title":"The expanding role of mouse genetics for understanding human biology and disease","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02603-09","article-title":"Chikungunya virus arthritis in adult wild-type mice","volume":"84","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.018","article-title":"A mouse model of chikungunya virus-induced musculoskeletal inflammatory disease: Evidence of arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, and persistence","volume":"178","author":"Morrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090851","article-title":"Type I IFN controls chikungunya virus via its action on nonhematopoietic cells","volume":"207","author":"Schilte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.054","article-title":"Chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidates for chikungunya","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werneke, S.W., Schilte, C., Rohatgi, A., Monte, K.J., Michault, A., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., Vanlandingham, D.L., Higgs, S., Fontanet, A., and Albert, M.L. (2011). ISG15 is critical in the control of Chikungunya virus infection independent of UbE1L mediated conjugation. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002322"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couderc, T., Chretien, F., Schilte, C., Disson, O., Brigitte, M., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Touret, Y., Barau, G., Cayet, N., and Schuffenecker, I. (2008). A mouse model for Chikungunya: Young age and inefficient type-I interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040029"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202177","article-title":"A pathogenic role for CD4+ T cells during Chikungunya virus infection in mice","volume":"190","author":"Teo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103185","article-title":"Cutting edge: Independent roles for IRF-3 and IRF-7 in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells during host response to Chikungunya infection","volume":"188","author":"Schilte","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.076","article-title":"Probing the attenuation and protective efficacy of a candidate chikungunya virus vaccine in mice with compromised interferon (IFN) signaling","volume":"29","author":"Partidos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.05.008","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis and analysis of Chikungunya virus","volume":"39","author":"Edwards","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2019.02.008","article-title":"Use and reliability of multiplex bead-based assays (Luminex) at Containment Level 4","volume":"158","author":"Dowall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.06.007","article-title":"Multiplex cytokine profiling with highly pathogenic material: Use of formalin solution in luminex analysis","volume":"348","author":"Dowall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.325","article-title":"Infectious clones of Chikungunya virus (La Reunion isolate) for vector competence studies","volume":"6","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060610","article-title":"Novel chikungunya virus variant in travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands","volume":"12","author":"Parola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70107-X","article-title":"Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis","volume":"7","author":"Pialoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2105","article-title":"A virus-like particle vaccine for epidemic Chikungunya virus protects nonhuman primates against infection","volume":"16","author":"Akahata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4253","article-title":"A chikungunya fever vaccine utilizing an insect-specific virus platform","volume":"23","author":"Erasmus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83527","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.83527","article-title":"Attenuated and vectored vaccines protect nonhuman primates against Chikungunya virus","volume":"2","author":"Roques","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu014","article-title":"Chikungunya vaccine candidate is highly attenuated and protects nonhuman primates against telemetrically monitored disease following a single dose","volume":"209","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40104","article-title":"Chikungunya disease in nonhuman primates involves long-term viral persistence in macrophages","volume":"120","author":"Labadie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.12.020","article-title":"Interferon-alpha\/beta deficiency greatly exacerbates arthritogenic disease in mice infected with wild-type chikungunya virus but not with the cell culture-adapted live-attenuated 181\/25 vaccine candidate","volume":"425","author":"Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, E.J., Knight, A.C., Heise, M.T., and Baxter, V.K. (2023). Effect of Viral Strain and Host Age on Clinical Disease and Viral Replication in Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Chikungunya Encephalomyelitis. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051057"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, R.K., Preciado-Llanes, L., Azar, S.R., Lopez-Camacho, C., Reyes-Sandoval, A., and Rossi, S.L. (2019). A Single and Un-Adjuvanted Dose of a Chimpanzee Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine against Chikungunya Virus Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Disease. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040231"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, R.K., Preciado-Llanes, L., Azar, S.R., Kim, Y.C., Brandon, O., Lopez-Camacho, C., Reyes-Sandoval, A., and Rossi, S.L. (2020). Adenoviral-Vectored Mayaro and Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Candidates Afford Partial Cross-Protection from Lethal Challenge in A129 Mouse Model. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591885"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.84","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and prospects for a vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Weaver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldon, L.V.R., de Mendonca, S.F., Ferreira, F.V., Rezende, F.O., Amadou, S.C.G., Leite, T., Rocha, M.N., Marques, J.T., Moreira, L.A., and Ferreira, A.G.A. (2022). AG129 Mice as a Comprehensive Model for the Experimental Assessment of Mosquito Vector Competence for Arboviruses. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080879"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02449-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02449-17","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Strains Show Lineage-Specific Variations in Virulence and Cross-Protective Ability in Murine and Nonhuman Primate Models","volume":"9","author":"Langsjoen","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.095","article-title":"A recombinant virus vaccine that protects against both Chikungunya and Zika virus infections","volume":"36","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.032","article-title":"A booster regime of liposome-delivered live-attenuated CHIKV vaccine RNA genome protects against chikungunya virus disease in mice","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00909-15","article-title":"Caribbean and La Reunion Chikungunya Virus Isolates Differ in Their Capacity to Induce Proinflammatory Th1 and NK Cell Responses and Acute Joint Pathology","volume":"89","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.05.018","article-title":"Live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine technology provides single-dose protection against Chikungunya virus","volume":"29","author":"Voigt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03453-13","article-title":"Novel attenuated Chikungunya vaccine candidates elicit protective immunity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"88","author":"Hallengard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goupil, B.A., McNulty, M.A., Martin, M.J., McCracken, M.K., Christofferson, R.C., and Mores, C.N. (2016). Novel Lesions of Bones and Joints Associated with Chikungunya Virus Infection in Two Mouse Models of Disease: New Insights into Disease Pathogenesis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155243"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, J., Narayanan, V., Kumar, A., Shrinet, J., Srivastava, P., Chaturvedi, S., and Sunil, S. (2019). Establishment and Comparison of Pathogenicity and Related Neurotropism in Two Age Groups of Immune Competent Mice, C57BL\/6J Using an Indian Isolate of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV). Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060578"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"785","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of chikungunya infection in Singapore","volume":"50","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanwani, R., Khan, M., Lomash, V., Rao, P.V., Ly, H., and Parida, M. (2014). Characterization of chikungunya virus induced host response in a mouse model of viral myositis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092813"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour, R.L., Adams, A.P., Leal, G., Alcorn, M.D., and Weaver, S.C. (2015). A Rodent Model of Chikungunya Virus Infection in RAG1 -\/- Mice, with Features of Persistence, for Vaccine Safety Evaluation. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003800"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, A.Y., Tritsch, S.R., Porzucek, A.J., Schwartz, A.M., Seyler-Schmidt, M., Glass, A., Latham, P.S., Reid, S.P., Simon, G.L., and Mores, C.N. (2021). A Mouse Model for Studying Post-Acute Arthritis of Chikungunya. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091998"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100269","article-title":"Cytokine profile, neutralisation potential and viral replication dynamics in sera of chikungunya patients in India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Babu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Southeast Asia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves de Souza, T.M., Fernandes-Santos, C., Araujo da Paixao de Oliveira, J., Tome, L.C.T., Fiestas-Solorzano, V.E., Nunes, P.C.G., Guimaraes, G.M.C., Sanchez-Arcila, J.C., Paiva, I.A., and de Souza, L.J. (2022). Increased Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) Activity and Inflammatory Responses during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040444"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz065","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines triggered by Chikungunya virus infection in human patients during the very early acute phase","volume":"113","author":"Tanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq006","article-title":"The acute phase of Chikungunya virus infection in humans is associated with strong innate immunity and T CD8 cell activation","volume":"204","author":"Wauquier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202163016","article-title":"Biomarkers of severity and chronification in chikungunya fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00030-y","article-title":"Engineering cytokine therapeutics","volume":"1","author":"Deckers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154864","article-title":"Lineage-dependent differences of Zika virus infection in a susceptible mouse model are associated with different profiles of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and acute phase proteins","volume":"125","author":"Dowall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bettis, A.A., L\u2019Azou Jackson, M., Yoon, I.K., Breugelmans, J.G., Goios, A., Gubler, D.J., and Powers, A.M. (2022). The global epidemiology of chikungunya from 1999 to 2020: A systematic literature review to inform the development and introduction of vaccines. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010069"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160173","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160173","article-title":"Effectiveness of CHIKV vaccine VLA1553 demonstrated by passive transfer of human sera","volume":"7","author":"Roques","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/10\/1534\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:29Z","timestamp":1760112329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/10\/1534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v16101534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16101534","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}