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GH001911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) co-infections more often result in severe hepatitis compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections alone. Despite a high HDV prevalence (7.1%), information regarding circulating HDV clades is very limited in Botswana. We extracted total nucleic acid from confirmed HDV-positive samples and quantified their viral load. We then sequenced the large hepatitis delta antigen (L-HDAg) using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT). Genotyping was performed using the HDV Database, and HDV mutation profiling was performed on AliView. All participants with HBV genotypic information belonged to sub-genotype A1, and 80% (4\/5) of them had a higher HDV viral load and a lower HBV viral load. We sequenced 75% (9\/12) of the HDV-positive samples, which belonged to HDV clade 8. A total of 54 mutations were discovered, with the most prevalent being Q148R (16%), D149P (16%) and G151D (16%). Known mutations such as S117A, K131R, R139K and G151D were detected, while the other mutations were novel. Our results reveal that HDV clade 8 is the predominant clade in Botswana. The significance of all mutations remains unclear. Future studies with a larger sample size to detect other HDV clades that might be circulating in Botswana and functionally characterize the detected mutations are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T10:20:52Z","timestamp":1728037252000},"page":"1568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hepatitis Delta Virus Clade 8 Is the Predominant Clade Circulating in Botswana amongst People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kabo","family":"Baruti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonderful T.","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience C.","family":"Motshosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonolo B.","family":"Phinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basetsana","family":"Phakedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone Private Bag 00704, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynnette N.","family":"Bhebhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone Private Bag BO 320, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorata G. 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