{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:50:52Z","timestamp":1785113452098,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Newton Mosharafa","award":["27667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27667"]}]},{"name":"Newton Mosharafa","award":["IL3261727271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IL3261727271"]}]},{"name":"Newton Mosharafa","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"]}]},{"name":"Newton Mosharafa","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"]}]},{"name":"Newton Mosharafa","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"]}]},{"name":"British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links","award":["27667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27667"]}]},{"name":"British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links","award":["IL3261727271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IL3261727271"]}]},{"name":"British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"]}]},{"name":"British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"]}]},{"name":"British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology","award":["27667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27667"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology","award":["IL3261727271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IL3261727271"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001A"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230001C"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology","award":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/PI\/230002B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (PPMV-1), an antigenic and host variant of avian paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV), primarily originating from racing pigeons, has become a global panzootic. Egypt uses both inactivated PPMV-1 and conventional NDV vaccines to protect pigeons from disease and mortality. However, the impact of prevalent strains and the effectiveness of available vaccines in pigeons in Egypt are unclear. This study investigates the virulence of PPMV-1 (Pigeon\/Egypt\/Sharkia-19\/2015\/KX580988) and evaluates available paramyxovirus vaccines in protecting pigeons against a PPMV-1 challenge. Ten-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs infected with this strain exhibited a mean death time (MDT) of 86.4 \u00b1 5.88 h. The intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in day-old chickens was 0.8, while pigeons experienced an ICPI of 0.96 and an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 2.11. These findings classify the strain as virulent and velogenic. Experimental infection of pigeons with this PPMV-1 strain at 106 EID50\/0.1 mL resulted in a 62.5% mortality rate, displaying nervous and enteric distress. The virus caused extensive lesions in visceral organs, with strong immunohistochemistry signals in all examined organs, indicating the systemic spread of the virus concurrent to its neurotropic and viscerotropic tropism. Furthermore, vaccination using an inactivated PPMV-1 and live NDV LaSota vaccine regimen protected 100% of pigeons against mortality, while with a single NDV LaSota vaccine, it was 62.5%. The PPMV alone or combined with NDV LaSota induced protective levels of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres and reduced virus shedding from buccal and cloacal cavities. Based on generalised linear gamma model analysis, both PPMV-1 and NDV LaSota are antigenically comparable by HI. These findings suggest that using both inactivated PPMV-1 (G-VI) and live attenuated NDV (LaSota) vaccines is an effective prophylactic regimen for preventing and controlling PPMV-1 and NDV in pigeons, thereby reducing the risk of interspecies transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T06:30:03Z","timestamp":1728455403000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of PPMV-1 Genotype VI Virulence in Pigeons and Chickens and Protective Effectiveness of Paramyxovirus Vaccines in Pigeons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Esraa E.","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-4899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal A. M.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagar F.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Wealth Development Department (Biostatistics Subdivision), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina A.","family":"Dessouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez Canal, Ismailia 41622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman H.","family":"El-Deeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11361, Egypt"},{"name":"Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr 46612, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3537-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Daines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham M.","family":"ElBakrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1637\/10769-011514-Reg.1","article-title":"Experimental infection of different species of birds with pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 Virus\u2014Evaluation of clinical outcomes, viral shedding, and distribution in tissues","volume":"58","author":"Olszewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945021000070732","article-title":"Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) in Italy","volume":"32","author":"Terregino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.02.026","article-title":"Viral infections in pigeons","volume":"172","author":"Marlier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. 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