{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1791353917193,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INTA-HARAS Agreement","award":["PG009641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG009641"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012429","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG009641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG009641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) that has re-emerged in South America in late 2023, causing severe disease in both horses and humans after a nearly 40-year intermission period. We here describe the virological, serological, pathological, and molecular features of WEEV infection in horses during the 2023\u20132024 outbreak in Argentina. WEEV-infected horses developed neurological signs with mild to severe encephalitis associated with minimal to abundant WEEV-infected cells, as demonstrated by WEEV-specific in situ hybridization. The distribution of viral RNA was multifocal, with predominance within neuronal bodies, neuronal processes, and glial cells in the medulla oblongata and thalamic regions. Phylogenetic analysis of partial nsP4 sequences from three viral isolates obtained from three different provinces of Argentina support grouping with other temporally current WEEV strains from Uruguay and Brazil under a recently proposed novel lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Outbreak of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection Associated with Neurological Disease in Horses Following a Nearly 40-Year Intermission Period in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Aldana","family":"Vissani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina"},{"name":"Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar B1630AHU, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Alamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Silvia","family":"Tordoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Minatel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1427CWN, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Schammas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8523-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Dus Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Trono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Barrandeguy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Animal, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udeni B. R.","family":"Balasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"},{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LSU Diagnostics), School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3864-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Carossino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"},{"name":"Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LSU Diagnostics), School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2014.3.1.58","article-title":"Zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: Transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses","volume":"3","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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