{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1787242051033,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI144090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#23-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 GM124169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM124169-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swine Health Information Center (SHIC)","award":["R01AI144090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144090"]}]},{"name":"Swine Health Information Center (SHIC)","award":["#23-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-077"]}]},{"name":"Swine Health Information Center (SHIC)","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}]},{"name":"Swine Health Information Center (SHIC)","award":["P30 GM124169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM124169-01"]}]},{"name":"UCSC undergraduate research in science and technology award","award":["R01AI144090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144090"]}]},{"name":"UCSC undergraduate research in science and technology award","award":["#23-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-077"]}]},{"name":"UCSC undergraduate research in science and technology award","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}]},{"name":"UCSC undergraduate research in science and technology award","award":["P30 GM124169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM124169-01"]}]},{"name":"Beamline 5.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source","award":["R01AI144090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144090"]}]},{"name":"Beamline 5.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source","award":["#23-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-077"]}]},{"name":"Beamline 5.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}]},{"name":"Beamline 5.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source","award":["P30 GM124169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM124169-01"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["R01AI144090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI144090"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["#23-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-077"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["P30 GM124169-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 GM124169-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine astrovirus 4 (PoAstV4) has been recently associated with respiratory disease in pigs. In order to understand the scope of PoAstV4 infections and to support the development of a vaccine to combat PoAstV4 disease in pigs, we designed and produced a recombinant PoAstV4 capsid spike protein for use as an antigen in serological assays and for potential future use as a vaccine antigen. Structural prediction of the full-length PoAstV4 capsid protein guided the design of the recombinant PoAstV4 capsid spike domain expression plasmid. The recombinant PoAstV4 capsid spike was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, and its crystal structure was determined at 1.85 \u00c5 resolution, enabling structural comparisons to other animal and human astrovirus capsid spike structures. The recombinant PoAstV4 capsid spike protein was also used as an antigen for the successful development of a serological assay to detect PoAstV4 antibodies, demonstrating that the recombinant PoAstV4 capsid spike retains antigenic epitopes found on the native PoAstV4 capsid. These studies lay a foundation for seroprevalence studies and the development of a PoAstV4 vaccine for swine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T03:53:47Z","timestamp":1728618827000},"page":"1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structure and Antigenicity of the Porcine Astrovirus 4 Capsid Spike"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Haley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lanning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5071-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle E.","family":"Henricson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre A.","family":"Mardirossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyan","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Rahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"DuBois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-14","article-title":"Human Astroviruses","volume":"27","author":"Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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