{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T08:10:56Z","timestamp":1787991056905,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/NZ6\/00696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/30\/E\/NZ6\/00696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the widespread use of integrase inhibitors and the expanding use of long-acting cabotegravir in both pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment, molecular surveillance on the transmission of integrase resistance has regained clinical significance. This study aimed to determine the frequency of INSTI-transmitted drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among treatment-na\u00efve individuals in Poland from 2016 to 2023. INSTI resistance was analyzed in 882 antiretroviral treatment-na\u00efve individuals using Sanger sequencing. Integrase DRMs were defined based on the Stanford HIV drug resistance database scores. Phylogeny was used to investigate subtyping and clustering. For the analysis of time-trends, logistic regression was used. Major (E138K and R263K) integrase mutations were detected in 0.45% of cases with minor resistance observed in 14.85%, most commonly (13.95%) E157Q. Overall, no major clusters of transmitted drug resistance were identified, and the transmission of E157Q showed a decreasing trend (p &lt; 0.001). While the frequency of sub-subtype A6 increased, it was predominantly found among migrants and associated with L74 mutations. The frequency of major integrase-transmitted DRMs remains low, despite the changes in subtype variability. Surveillance of changing HIV molecular variation patterns is vital from the perspective of the optimal use of integrase inhibitors, especially due to expanding long-acting cabotegravir implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T03:53:47Z","timestamp":1728618827000},"page":"1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frequency of Major Transmitted Integrase Resistance in Poland Remains Low Despite Change in Subtype Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Mielczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Serwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Urba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogusz","family":"Aksak-W\u0105s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malwina","family":"Karasi\u0144ska-Cie\u015blak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Mularska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for AIDS Diagnostics and Therapy, Specialistic Hospital in Chorzow, 41500 Chorzow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Witor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for AIDS Diagnostics and Therapy, Specialistic Hospital in Chorzow, 41500 Chorzow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Gdansk, Pomeranian Hospitals, 80214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hlebowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, 81519 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6474-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Boci\u0105ga-Jasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Jab\u0142onowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91347 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Wroclaw Medical University, 51149 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7178-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Szetela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Diseases and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Wroclaw Medical University, 51149 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"\u0141ojewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital in Zielona Gora, 65046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1869-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Parczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70257-3","article-title":"Once-daily dolutegravir versus twice-daily raltegravir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (SPRING-2 study): 96 week results from a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial","volume":"13","author":"Raffi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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