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It is endemic to certain First Nations populations of Northern and Central Australia, Japan, South and Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean region. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T cells and remains in a state of reduced transcription, often being asymptomatic in the beginning of infection, with symptoms developing later in life. HTLV-1 infection is implicated in the development of adult T cell leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathies (HAM), amongst other immune-related disorders. With no preventive or curative interventions, infected individuals have limited treatment options, most of which manage symptoms. The clinical burden and lack of treatment options directs the need for alternative treatment strategies for HTLV-1 infection. Recent advances have been made in the development of RNA-based antiviral therapeutics for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1), an analogous retrovirus that shares modes of transmission with HTLV-1. This review highlights past and ongoing efforts in the development of HTLV-1 therapeutics and vaccines, with a focus on the potential for gene therapy as a new treatment modality in light of its successes in HIV-1, as well as animal models that may help the advancement of novel antiviral and anticancer interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T09:12:50Z","timestamp":1728983570000},"page":"1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiana T.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Hirons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Doerflinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin V.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Ledger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian F. J.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantelle L.","family":"Ahlenstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","article-title":"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"77","author":"Poiesz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. 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