{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:07:13Z","timestamp":1785452833643,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["No. 22-74-10032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 22-74-10032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A viruses (IAVs), which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, are RNA viruses characterized by a segmented genome that allows them to evolve and adapt rapidly. These viruses are mainly transmitted by wild waterfowl. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary processes of H7Nx (H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N5, H7N6, H7N7, H7N8, H7N9) viruses, which pose a significant pandemic risk due to the known cases of human infection and their potential for rapid genetic evolution and reassortment. The complete genome sequences of H7Nx influenza viruses (n = 3239) were compared between each other to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and reassortment patterns. For the selected viruses, phylogenetic trees were constructed for eight genome segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, NS) to assess the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of these viruses. Distinct phylogenetic clades with remarkable geographic patterns were found for the different segments. While the viruses were consistently grouped by subtype based on the NA segment sequences, the phylogeny of the other segment sequences, with the exception of the NS segment, showed distinct grouping patterns based on geographic origin rather than formal subtype assignment. Reassortment events leading to complex phylogenetic relationships were frequently observed. In addition, multiple cases of previously undescribed reassortments between subtypes were detected, emphasizing the fluidity of H7Nx virus populations. These results indicate a high degree of genetic diversity and reassortment within H7Nx influenza viruses. In other words, H7Nx viruses exist as constantly changing combinations of gene pools rather than stable genetic lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1729685062000},"page":"1656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Phylogenetic Insights into H7Nx Influenza Viruses: Uncovering Reassortment Patterns and Geographic Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofya G.","family":"Feoktistova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra O.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS (IBCh RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8850-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor P.","family":"Degtyarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria I.","family":"Smirnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel Yu.","family":"Volchkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Center for Personalized Medicine, The MCSC Named After A.S. Loginov, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0789-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Deviatkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, 125315 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.05.013","article-title":"Influenza Virus","volume":"26","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez, D.L. (2016). Influenza a Virus. Animal Influenza, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924341.ch1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and Ecology of Influenza A Viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, S., Zhu, X., Li, Y., Shi, M., Zhang, J., Bourgeois, M., Yang, H., Chen, X., Recuenco, S., and Gomez, J. (2013). New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003657"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116200109","article-title":"A Distinct Lineage of Influenza A Virus from Bats","volume":"109","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225645","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2225645","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of a New Candidate Hemagglutinin Subtype of Influenza A Viruses","volume":"12","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/1591849","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure as the Cause of Death in Chickens Following Intravenous Inoculation with Avian Influenza Virus A\/Chicken\/Alabama\/7395\/75 (H4N8)","volume":"38","author":"Swayne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-0047-3","article-title":"Review: Molecular Evolution and the Feasibility of an Avian Influenza Virus Becoming a Pandemic Strain\u2013\u2013A Conceptual Shift","volume":"33","author":"Shoham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, September 10). Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Reported to WHO, 2003\u20132014. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/influenza\/h5n1-human-case-cumulative-table\/cumulative-number-of-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-to-who--2003-2023.pdf?sfvrsn=74bc4d1_1&download=true."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1506.090072","article-title":"Past, Present, and Possible Future Human Infection with Influenza Virus A Subtype H7","volume":"15","author":"Belser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198104093041515","article-title":"Conjunctivitis in Human Beings Caused by Influenza A Virus of Seals","volume":"304","author":"Webster","year":"1981","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64783-6","article-title":"Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Woman with Conjunctivitis","volume":"348","author":"Kurtz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12546","article-title":"Human Infection with Avian Influenza A(H7N2) Virus\u2014Virginia, 2002","volume":"12","author":"Terebuh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respi. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308352100","article-title":"Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) Associated with Human Conjunctivitis and a Fatal Case of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Fouchier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038349","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038349","article-title":"H7N9 Influenza Virus in China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Dai, Z., Cheng, H., Liu, Z., Pan, Z., Deng, W., Gao, T., Li, X., Yao, Y., and Ren, J. (2013). Towards a Better Understanding of the Novel Avian-Origin H7N9 Influenza A Virus in China. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02318"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, B., Li, X., Cardona, C.J., and Xing, Z. (2020). Reassortment and Adaptive Mutations of an Emerging Avian Influenza Virus H7N4 Subtype in China. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227597"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, A.O., Volchkov, P.Y., and Deviatkin, A.A. (2024). Concatenation of Segmented Viral Genomes for Reassortment Analysis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.26.582008"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for Clustering the next-Generation Sequencing Data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT Online Service: Multiple Sequence Alignment, Interactive Sequence Choice and Visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svinti, V., Cotton, J.A., and McInerney, J.O. (2013). New Approaches for Unravelling Reassortment Pathways. BMC Evol. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.08.013","article-title":"Notes on Recombination and Reassortment in Multipartite\/Segmented Viruses","volume":"33","author":"Varsani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syp076","article-title":"Unifying Vertical and Nonvertical Evolution: A Stochastic ARG-Based Framework","volume":"59","author":"Bloomquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1232","article-title":"GiRaF: Robust, Computational Identification of Influenza Reassortments via Graph Mining","volume":"39","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa087","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa087","article-title":"RDP5: A Computer Program for Analyzing Recombination in, and Removing Signals of Recombination from, Nucleotide Sequence Datasets","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakulenko, Y., Deviatkin, A., Drexler, J.F., and Lukashev, A. (2021). Modular Evolution of Coronavirus Genomes. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071270"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999","article-title":"Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomes from Subtype C-Infected Seroconverters in India, with Evidence of Intersubtype Recombination","volume":"73","author":"Lole","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast Model Selection for Accurate Phylogenetic Estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., Li, X., Goraya, M., Wang, S., and Chen, J.-L. (2017). Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081650"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038489","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038489","article-title":"The Ecology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses","volume":"10","author":"Wille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347019","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2347019","article-title":"Pandemic Preparedness through Vaccine Development for Avian Influenza Viruses","volume":"20","author":"Perez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kok, A., Scheuer, R., Bestebroer, T.M., Burke, D.F., Wilks, S.H., Spronken, M.I., de Meulder, D., Lexmond, P., Pronk, M., and Smith, D.J. (2023). Characterization of A\/H7 Influenza Virus Global Antigenic Diversity and Key Determinants in the Hemagglutinin Globular Head Mediating A\/H7N9 Antigenic Evolution. MBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00488-23"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Cui, P., Song, Y., Qi, Y., Li, X., Qi, W., Xu, C., Jiao, P., and Liao, M. (2015). PB2 Segment Promotes High-Pathogenicity of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Mice. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00073"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01257-8","article-title":"The Role of PB1-F2 in Adaptation of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H7N7 in Chickens","volume":"55","author":"Hohensee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Sun, Y., Hu, J., Qi, L., Wang, J., Xiong, X., Wang, Y., He, Q., Lin, Y., and Kong, W. (2015). The Contribution of PA-X to the Virulence of Pandemic 2009 H1N1 and Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08262"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0399-4","article-title":"A Single Substitution in Amino Acid 184 of the NP Protein Alters the Replication and Pathogenicity of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens","volume":"154","author":"Wasilenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calderon, B.M., Danzy, S., Delima, G.K., Jacobs, N.T., Ganti, K., Hockman, M.R., Conn, G.L., Lowen, A.C., and Steel, J. (2019). Dysregulation of M Segment Gene Expression Contributes to Influenza A Virus Host Restriction. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/599886"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02969-12","article-title":"Reassortment of NS Segments Modifies Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Interaction with Avian Hosts and Host Cells","volume":"87","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30473","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.9.30473","article-title":"Emerging Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in France during Winter 2015\/16: Phylogenetic Analyses and Markers for Zoonotic Potential","volume":"22","author":"Briand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20836","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.25.20836","article-title":"Genetic Tuning of the Novel Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus during Interspecies Transmission, China, 2013","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12146","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01567-14","article-title":"A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Novel H7N9 Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Increases CPSF30 Binding and Virulence","volume":"88","author":"Ayllon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03155-13","article-title":"Virulence-Affecting Amino Acid Changes in the PA Protein of H7N9 Influenza A Viruses","volume":"88","author":"Yamayoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6509","article-title":"The K526R Substitution in Viral Protein PB2 Enhances the Effects of E627K on Influenza Virus Replication","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steel, J., Lowen, A.C., Mubareka, S., and Palese, P. (2009). Transmission of Influenza Virus in a Mammalian Host Is Increased by PB2 Amino Acids 627K or 627E\/701N. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000252"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1562","article-title":"Origin and Molecular Changes Associated with Emergence of a Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Influenza Virus in Mexico","volume":"213","author":"Horimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13399","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13399-13402.2003","article-title":"SequenceAnalysis of Recent H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Associated with ThreeDifferent Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry in the UnitedStates","volume":"77","author":"Spackman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-139","article-title":"The Highly Pathogenic H7N3 Avian Influenza Strain from July 2012 in Mexico Acquired an Extended Cleavage Site through Recombination with Host 28S RRNA","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80478-0","article-title":"Intersegmental Recombination between the Haemagglutinin and Matrix Genes Was Responsible for the Emergence of a Highly Pathogenic H7N3 Avian Influenza Virus in British Columbia","volume":"86","author":"Pasick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03181-13","article-title":"Emergence of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from a Low-Pathogenic Progenitor","volume":"88","author":"Monne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2024.2317430","article-title":"Genome Sequences of Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Predict the Pathogenicity Phenotype of Avian Influenza Virus: Statistically Validated Data for Facilitating Rapid Declarations and Reducing Reliance on in Vivo Testing","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00435-07","article-title":"Molecular Changes in the Polymerase Genes (PA and PB1) Associated with High Pathogenicity of H5N1 Influenza Virus in Mallard Ducks","volume":"81","author":"Franks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01667-06","article-title":"Amelioration of Influenza Virus Pathogenesis in Chickens Attributed to the Enhanced Interferon-Inducing Capacity of a Virus with a Truncated NS1 Gene","volume":"81","author":"Cauthen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02642-07","article-title":"NP, PB1, and PB2 Viral Genes Contribute to Altered Replication of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens","volume":"82","author":"Wasilenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13595","article-title":"Association of Wild Bird Densities around Poultry Farms with the Risk of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5N8 Outbreaks in the Netherlands, 2016","volume":"68","author":"Velkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00668","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance and Detection of Infectious Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Iowa Wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Hubbard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150078","article-title":"Evidence for Interannual Persistence of Infectious Influenza A Viruses in Alaska Wetlands","volume":"803","author":"Ramey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182","article-title":"Origins and Evolutionary Genomics of the 2009 Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza A Epidemic","volume":"459","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90985-K","article-title":"Phylogenetic Relationship of the Nonstructural (NS) Genes of Influenza A Viruses","volume":"183","author":"Ludwig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90504-7","article-title":"The B Allele of the NS Gene of Avian Influenza Viruses, but Not the A Allele, Attenuates a Human Influenza a Virus for Squirrel Monkeys","volume":"171","author":"Treanor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9263","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01205-16","article-title":"Role of the B Allele of Influenza A Virus Segment 8 in Setting Mammalian Host Range and Pathogenicity","volume":"90","author":"Turnbull","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evseev, D., and Magor, K.E. (2021). Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.693204"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100776","article-title":"Surveillance and Analysis of Avian Influenza Viruses, Australia","volume":"16","author":"Hansbro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13515","article-title":"Control of Avian Influenza in China: Strategies and Lessons","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0711-y","article-title":"Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in South Korea between 2012 and 2014","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1637\/9868-080111-Reg.1","article-title":"Surveillance of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds in the Asian Portion of Russia in 2008","volume":"56","author":"Sivay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231561","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2231561","article-title":"Continuous Surveillance of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Pathogens Detects Contemporaneous Occurrence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIV H5) and Flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in Several Wild and Captive Birds","volume":"12","author":"Pohlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa232","article-title":"Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research","volume":"22","author":"Hufsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, S., H\u00f6lzer, M., Lamkiewicz, K., di Fenizio, P.S., Al Hwaeer, H., Marz, M., Schuster, S., Dittrich, P., and Ibrahim, B. (2019). Structure and Hierarchy of Influenza Virus Models Revealed by Reaction Network Analysis. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050449"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deviatkin, A.A., Simonov, R.A., Trutneva, K.A., Maznina, A.A., Khavina, E.M., and Volchkov, P.Y. (2022). Universal Flu MRNA Vaccine: Promises, Prospects, and Problems. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050709"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy103","article-title":"A Universal Influenza Vaccine: The Strategic Plan for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","volume":"218","author":"Erbelding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00773-0","article-title":"Outlook of Pandemic Preparedness in a Post-COVID-19 World","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:18:54Z","timestamp":1760113134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v16111656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16111656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]}}}