{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1787030032226,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["200033\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200033\/2023-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe a natural coinfection with canine distemper virus (CDV) and yellow fever virus in a free-ranging neotropical primate of the genus Callithrix, found dead in the northeastern region of Brazil. The laboratory diagnosis included histopathology, immunohistochemistry, rRT-PCR, and phylogenetic analyses. The CDV sequences from this primate in Brazil represent a divergent lineage in Rio Grande do Norte, closely related to genotypes EU1\/South America 1 and South America 2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural coinfection by CDV and yellow fever virus in a neotropical primate, underscoring the need to further investigate the circulation of this virus in Brazilian nonhuman primates and its potential implications for wildlife conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T03:46:04Z","timestamp":1729827964000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Coinfection with Canine Distemper Virus and Yellow Fever Virus in a Neotropical Primate in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ang\u00e9lica Monteiro de Mello","family":"Mares-Guia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Carvalho","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via L\u00f6wen Levy","family":"Chalhoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3226-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dulce","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice Mery Chicarino","family":"de Oliveira Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria Bispo","family":"de Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Gomes","family":"Naveca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"},{"name":"Leonidas and Maria Deane Institute, Fiocruz, Manaus 69057-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Gutierrez, M., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2016). Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: A systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0702-z"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duque-Valencia, J., Sarute, N., Olarte-Castillo, X.A., and Ru\u00edz-S\u00e1enz, J. (2019). Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Canine Distemper Virus\u2014An Outlook of the Diverse Evolutionary Landscapes of a Multi-Host Virus. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070582"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [Internet] (2024, September 30). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2018.12.007","article-title":"New world origin of canine distemper: Interdisciplinary insights","volume":"24","author":"Uhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkes, R.P. (2022). Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010057"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.03.029","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in South America clade 1 reveals unique molecular signatures of the local epidemic","volume":"41","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.007","article-title":"Canine distemper virus","volume":"38","author":"Martella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-022-00779-7","article-title":"Canine morbillivirus (CDV): A review on status, emergence and the diagnostics","volume":"33","author":"Karki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(89)90043-6","article-title":"Natural infection with canine distemper virus in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)","volume":"20","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Canine distemper outbreak in rhesus monkeys, China","volume":"17","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.024","article-title":"Natural infection with canine distemper virus in hand-feeding Rhesus monkeys in China","volume":"141","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02419-12","article-title":"Lethal canine distemper virus outbreak in cynomolgus monkeys in Japan in 2008","volume":"87","author":"Sakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102010005000046","article-title":"Yellow fever in Brazil: Thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas","volume":"44","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Jamett, G., and Chaves, A. (2024). Neotropical Primates and Humans: Risk of Bidirectional Parasite Transmission and Disease Sharing in Fragmented and Pristine Landscapes. Ecology of Wildlife Diseases in the Neotropics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-50531-7"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2024, October 01). Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade. Guia de Vigil\u00e2ncia de Epizootias em Primatas n\u00e3o Humanos e Entomologia Aplicada \u00e0 Vigil\u00e2ncia da Febre Amarela. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Available online: https:\/\/www.vs.saude.ms.gov.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Guia_Epizootias_Febre_Amarela_2a_ed_atualizada_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2024, September 29). PAHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/es\/documentos\/protocolo-rt-pcr-tiempo-real-taqmantm-virus-fiebre-amarilla-yfv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01799-12","article-title":"Advanced yellow fever virus genome detection in point-of-care facilities and reference laboratories","volume":"50","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11257","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11257","article-title":"Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju","volume":"7","author":"Menzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e944","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14370","article-title":"A new canine distemper virus lineage identified from red pandas in China","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa087","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa087","article-title":"RDP5: A computer program for analyzing recombination in, and removing signals of recombination from, nucleotide sequence datasets","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105702","article-title":"Yellow fever surveillance challenge: Investigation of a marmoset non-autochthonous case","volume":"212","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.09.002","article-title":"Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update","volume":"1","author":"Beineke","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00184","article-title":"Geographic spread of canine distemper in wild carnivores in Michigan, USA: Pathology and epidemiology, 2008\u20132018","volume":"58","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-2-367","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the attachment (H) protein gene of current field isolates of canine distemper virus","volume":"78","author":"Bolt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)01449-4","article-title":"Analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper virus isolates from Germany","volume":"48","author":"Haas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2936-2942.1999","article-title":"Genotypes of canine distemper virus determined by analysis of the hemagglutinin genes of recent isolates from dogs in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.04.019","article-title":"Heterogeneity within the hemagglutinin genes of canine dis-temper virus (CDV) strains detected in Italy","volume":"116","author":"Martella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.024","article-title":"Genotyping of canine distemper virus strains circulating in Brazil from 2008 to 2012","volume":"180","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.191220","article-title":"Differential Yellow Fever Susceptibility in New World Nonhuman Primates, Comparison with Humans, and Implications for Surveillance","volume":"27","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weckworth, J.K., Davis, B.W., Roelke-Parker, M.E., Wilkes, R.P., Packer, C., Eblate, E., Schwartz, M.K., and Mills, L.S. (2020). Identifying Candidate Genetic Markers of CDV Cross-Species Pathogenicity in African Lions. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110872"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392202301340","article-title":"Exposure of dogs and wild carnivores to canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, Leishmania infantum, and Toxoplasma gondii in the Xingu River basin, Brazilian Amazon: Prevalence, spatial distribution, and association with land cover types","volume":"53","author":"Fornazari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Amaz."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.030","article-title":"Canine distemper virus active infection in order Pilosa, family Myrmecophagidae, species Tamandua tetradactyla","volume":"220","author":"Lunardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.03.013","article-title":"Human\u2013marmoset interactions in a city park","volume":"132","author":"Leite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-69842001000300008","article-title":"Ecological aspects of black-pincelled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in the cerrad\u00e3o and dense cerrado of the Brazilian central plateau","volume":"61","author":"Miranda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:20:03Z","timestamp":1760113203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v16111670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16111670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}