{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:55Z","timestamp":1760146375731,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Despite severe inflammatory changes, defense mechanisms fail to achieve virus clearance. Some studies focused on various immune evasion mechanisms, but none of these studies elucidated the inefficacy of the complement system, which is one major player in FIP-associated immune pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of complement-regulating factors (CRFs). CRFs help modulate the immune response and prevent host tissue damage. Archived tissue samples from 31 deceased, FIP-affected cats were evaluated using multiplex immunohistochemistry for the spatial expression of the complement-regulating factors CD46 and CD59 in association with FIP lesions and their colocalization with complement-activating factor C1q and membrane attack complex C9 in relation to the presence and proximity of FCoV-infected cells. The FIP lesions of all 31 cats exhibited marked expression of both complement-regulating factors in proximity to FCoV-infected macrophages. Moreover, their expression in all 31 animals was significantly lower than the expression of the complement-activating factors C1q and C9 compared to areas farther distal to FCoV-infected cells. In conclusion, FCoV-infected macrophages in cats with FIP appear to use autocrine and paracrine expression of complement-regulating factors in their immediate environment to shield themselves from destruction by the complement system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T06:29:57Z","timestamp":1730183397000},"page":"1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complement Evasion Protects FCoV from Virus Clearance Within Prototypic FIP Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4555-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"H\u00f6nl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Felten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Erber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4605-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Hofmann-Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3609-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina L.","family":"Meli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9009-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Spiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Matiasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.121094","article-title":"Mutation in spike protein cleavage site and pathogenesis of feline coronavirus","volume":"19","author":"Licitra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. 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