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Understanding the dynamics of HDV transmission in these remote locations is important for elucidating the routes of infection. To investigate this, a molecular analysis of HDV was conducted to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of HDV cases. Between 2010 and 2023, 35 patients were recruited from the Viral Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic in Rond\u00f4nia, Brazil. Conventional PCR was used to amplify the complete HDV genome followed by nucleotide sequencing via the Sanger method. The HDV genotype was determined using maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. A Skygrid coalescent approach with a Relaxed Random Walk phylogeographic model was used for the spatio-temporal analysis. Most individuals were males (21\/35), with a median age of 39 years. HDV-3 was identified in all samples (35\/35; 100%). The tMRCA was estimated to be 1824, with a substitution rate of 8.2 \u00d7 10\u22124 substitutions\/site\/year. The results suggest that HDV likely entered Brazil around 1820, in the state of Amazonas, subsequently spreading to Acre and Rond\u00f4nia. Notable migration events were observed starting from 2010. This study suggests that HDV-3 has a complex evolutionary history spanning over two centuries, with intricate transmission routes in different locations in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T10:45:35Z","timestamp":1730198735000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Western Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-0409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e1rcio P.","family":"Roca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson A. S.","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Passos-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrhyan","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia-UNIR, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara V.","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiol\u00f3gicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco C. A.","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M. V.","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Ambulat\u00f3rio de Hepatites Virais, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical-CEPEM, Porto Velho 76812-329, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deusilene","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Rond\u00f4nia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia M.","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hepatites Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, August 20). 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