{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:35:56Z","timestamp":1784687756478,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency of Research and Innovation (ANII, Fondo Mar\u00eda Vi\u00f1as 2019)","award":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"]}]},{"name":"National Agency of Research and Innovation (ANII)","award":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"]}]},{"name":"Udelar\u2019s Postgraduate Academic Commission (Comisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Posgrados, CAP-Udelar)","award":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"]}]},{"name":"National Research System (SNI-ANII), Uruguay","award":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"]}]},{"name":"Program for the Development of Basic Sciences (PEDECIBA), Uruguay","award":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMV-1-2019-1-155934"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between demyelination and cellular reactions in the cerebellum of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)-infected dogs. We subdivided the disease staging by adding the degree of demyelination determined by Luxol Fast Blue staining to the previously reported disease staging from the acute stage to the chronic stage, and investigated the relationship between demyelination in the cerebellum and the number and histological changes in astroglia, microglia, and Purkinje cells in each stage. Reactions of astrocytes and microglia were observed at an early stage when demyelination was not evident. Changes progressed with demyelination. Demyelination initially began in the medulla adjoining the fourth ventricle and gradually spread to the entire cerebellum, including the lobes. CDV immune-positive granules were seen from the early stage, and inclusion bodies also appeared at the same time. CDV immune-positive reaction and inclusion bodies were observed in astrocytes, microglia, neurons, ependymal cells, and even leptomeningeal mononuclear cells. On the other hand, infiltration of CDV-immunoreactive particles from the pia mater to the gray matter and further into the white matter through the granular layer was observed from an early stage. Purkinje cells decreased from the intermediate stage, and a decrease in cells in the granular layer was also observed. There was no clear association between age and each stage, and the stages did not progress with age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T08:44:04Z","timestamp":1730364244000},"page":"1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pathological Study of Demyelination with Cellular Reactions in the Cerebellum of Dogs Infected with Canine Distemper Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Verdes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Larra\u00f1aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Godi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Yozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0245-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Iribarnegaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar), Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Delucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinics & Veterinary Hospital, Small Animals Medicine Unit, Clinical Neurology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar), Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanji","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (Udelar). Route 8 Km 18, Montevideo 13000, Uruguay"},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Br. Artigas 417 Of.601, Montevideo 11300, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163860","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/163860","article-title":"Immunopathogenic and neurological mechanisms of canine distemper virus","volume":"2012","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemens, J., Ciurkiewicz, M., Chludzinski, E., Iseringhausen, M., Klotz, D., Pfankuche, V.M., Ulrich, R., Herder, V., Puff, C., and Baumg\u00e4rtner, W. (2019). Neurotoxic potential of reactive astrocytes in canine distemper demyelinating leukoencephalitis. Sci. 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