{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:21:47Z","timestamp":1774315307175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoHV-6) is endemic in cattle in Europe, with a high prevalence. There is evidence that the virus is a commensal and not associated with disease processes. For other gammaherpesviruses, it is known that they have a rather specific target cell spectrum, generally including B cells and, at least in the early phase of infection, the epithelium of the respiratory tract. In a previous study we detected BoHV-6 by quantitative PCR for the gB gene sequence of BoHV-6 in lung, bronchial lymph nodes, spleen and tongue with variable loads, suggesting cells in these tissues as target cells. In the present study, formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded samples of the same tissues from 10 cattle, with high overall BoHV-6 copy numbers, were examined by RNA in situ hybridization for BoHV-6 ORF73. This revealed extremely limited viral ORF73 transcription. A signal was only detected in individual lymphocytes within lymphatic follicles in bronchial lymph nodes, and within very rare alveolar epithelial cells and interstitial cells in the lungs, without any evidence of pathological changes in the tissues. No signal was detected in the spleen or in the oral mucosa of the tongue. The results are consistent with previous findings with other gammaherpesviruses, murine herpesvirus-68, ovine herpesvirus-2 and\/or Epstein\u2013Barr virus. They provide further evidence that BoHV-6 is without any consequence to the host and can indeed represent a commensal in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1730692654000},"page":"1730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 6 Tropism in the Natural Host"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Fabian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2302-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3RF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7289-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Kipar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3RF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4237-4242.1998","article-title":"Detection of a Novel Bovine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus","volume":"72","author":"Rovnak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.066951-0","article-title":"Novel Gammaherpesvirus Functions Encoded by Bovine Herpesvirus 6 (Bovine Lymphotropic Virus)","volume":"95","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatherer, D., Depledge, D.P., Hartley, C.A., Szpara, M.L., Vaz, P.K., Benk\u0151, M., Brandt, C.R., Bryant, N.A., Dastjerdi, A., and Doszpoly, A. (2021). ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Herpesviridae 2021. J. Gen. Virol., 102.","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001673"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosato, G., Subira, A.R., Al-Saadi, M., Michalopoulou, E., Verin, R., Dettwiler, M., Nordgren, H., Chiers, K., Gro\u03b2mann, E., and K\u00f6hler, K. (2021). Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Cattle in Europe. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122337"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200503","article-title":"Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Polymerase Chain Reaction Survey for Ovine Herpesvirus 2 and Other Persistent Herpesvirus and Retrovirus Infections of Dairy Cattle and Bison","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2013.08.006","article-title":"Comparison of Nested PCR and QPCR for the Detection and Quantitation of BoHV6 DNA","volume":"194","author":"Materniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0733-z","article-title":"Bovine Herpesvirus 6 in Buffaloes (Bubalus Bulalis) from the Amazon Region, Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Gasparini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105621","article-title":"Detection of Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 6 in Tissues of Aborted Fetuses from Dairy Cows Concomitantly Infected by Histophilus Somni","volume":"169","author":"Headley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Quebec: Detection of Bovine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus DNA in Tissues of a Bovine Aborted Fetus","volume":"51","author":"Gagnon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.015","article-title":"The Extent of Parasite-Associated Necrosis in the Placenta and Foetal Tissues of Cattle Following Neospora Caninum Infection in Early and Late Gestation Correlates with Foetal Death","volume":"38","author":"Gibney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.23.807-a","article-title":"Bovine Lymphotrophic Herpesvirus in a UK Dairy Herd","volume":"158","author":"Cobb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.005","article-title":"Bovine Lymphotropic Herpesvirus and Non-Responsive Post-Partum Metritis in Dairy Herds in the UK","volume":"176","author":"Banks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hierweger, M.M., Werder, S., and Seuberlich, T. (2020). Parainfluenza Virus 5 Infection in Neurological Disease and Encephalitis of Cattle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020498"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headley, S.A., Dall Agnol, A.M., Oliveira, T.E.S., Bon, V.R., Scuisato, G.S., Xavier, A.A.C., Yasumitsu, C.Y., Alfieri, A.F., and Alfieri, A.A. (2023). Possible Association of Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 6 with Pulmonary Disease in a Cow. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030417"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, T.E.S., Scuisato, G.S., Fritzen, J.T.T., Silva, D.C., Massi, R.P., Pelaquim, I.F., Silva, L.E., Flores, E.F., Lima Santos, R., and Pretto-Giordano, L.G. (2022). Infectious Disease Agents Associated with Pulmonary Alterations in Aborted Bovine Fetuses. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131596"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02085-09","article-title":"Pathogenesis of a Model Gammaherpesvirus in a Natural Host","volume":"84","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.03.013","article-title":"Sheep (Ovis Aries) Airway Epithelial Cells Support Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Lytic Replication in Vivo","volume":"145","author":"Taus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"421","article-title":"Infection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Development of Systemic Disease Following Gastric Instillation of Murine Gammaherpesvirus-68","volume":"81","author":"Peacock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1383","article-title":"Lymphatic Reprogramming of Blood Vascular Endothelium by Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus","volume":"36","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vragel, G., Gomez, B.D., Kostelecky, R.E., Noell, K.S., Tseng, A., Cohen, S., Dalwadi, M., Medina, E.M., Nail, E.A., and Goodspeed, A. (2023). Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Efficiently Infects Myeloid Cells Resulting In An Atypical, Restricted Form Of Infection. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.21.545948"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidner-Glunde, M., Kruminis-Kaszkiel, E., and Savanagouder, M. (2020). Herpesviral Latency-Common Themes. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020125"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hamzah, M., and Al-Saadi, A. (2018). Pathogenesis of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cattle, University of Liverpool."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Amin, D.M. (2015). Infection of the Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in the Reservoir Host, Sheep, and the Susceptible Host, Cattle, University of Liverpool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820978310","article-title":"Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Role of Latent Virus and Macrophages in Vasculitis","volume":"58","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.007","article-title":"Malignant Catarrhal Fever: A Review","volume":"179","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0779","article-title":"Natural History of Murine \u03b3-Herpesvirus Infection","volume":"356","author":"Nash","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, P.T., White, M.C., and Damania, B. (2022). Activation and Evasion of Innate Immunity by Gammaherpesviruses. J. Mol. Biol., 434.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167214"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231224906","article-title":"Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Goat: Manifestation of Virus-Induced Erythema Multiforme","volume":"36","author":"Makoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4700-4704.2002","article-title":"Analysis of the Pathogenetic Basis for Shedding and Transmission of Ovine Gamma Herpesvirus 2","volume":"40","author":"Janett","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-5842-3","article-title":"Differential Transcription of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Genes in Lymphocytes from Reservoir and Susceptible Species","volume":"32","author":"Thonur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Genes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6496","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.10.6496-6504.1994","article-title":"Characterization of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Glycoprotein B (GB) Homolog: Similarity to Epstein-Barr Virus GB (Gp110)","volume":"68","author":"Stewart","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/001743-0","article-title":"A Captured Viral Interleukin 10 Gene with Cellular Exon Structure","volume":"89","author":"Jayawardane","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murata, T., Sugimoto, A., Inagaki, T., Yanagi, Y., Watanabe, T., Sato, Y., and Kimura, H. (2021). Molecular Basis of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Establishment and Lytic Reactivation. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122344"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.04.035","article-title":"Experimental Infection of Rabbits with Ovine Herpesvirus 2 from Sheep Nasal Secretions","volume":"132","author":"Gailbreath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.1.123-128.2001","article-title":"Quantitative Fluorogenic PCR Assay for Measuring Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Replication in Sheep","volume":"8","author":"Leutenegger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81238-0","article-title":"A Novel Subgroup of Rhadinoviruses in Ruminants","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.09.009","article-title":"Identification of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Targeted by Ovine Herpesvirus-2 in Sheep","volume":"141","author":"Ryf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(98)00187-1","article-title":"Phenotype, Growth Regulation and Cytokine Transcription in Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2)-Infected Bovine T-Cell Lines","volume":"66","author":"Schock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1730\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:27:45Z","timestamp":1760113665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/11\/1730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v16111730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16111730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]}}}