{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:45:47Z","timestamp":1791614747721,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Merck"},{"name":"University of Applied Sciences THM"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oncolytic measles virus (MeV) is a promising anti-cancer treatment. However, the production of high titers of infectious MeV (typically 107\u2013109 TCID50 per dose) is challenging because the virus is unstable under typical production conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate how the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and different media\u2014a serum-containing medium (SCM), a serum-free medium (SFM) and two chemically defined media (CDM)\u2014affect MeV production. We infected Vero cells at MOIs of 0.02, 0.2 or 2 TCID50 cell\u22121 and the lowest MOI resulted in the largest number of infected cells towards the end of the production period. However, this did not equate to higher maximum MeV titers, which were similar for all the MOIs. The medium had a moderate effect, generating maximum titers of 0.89\u20132.17 \u00d7 106, 1.08\u20131.25 \u00d7 106 and 4.58\u20139.90 \u00d7 105 TCID50 mL\u22121 for the SCM, SFM and CDM, respectively. Infection at a low MOI often required longer process times to reach maximum yields. On the other hand, a high MOI requires a large amount of MeV stock. We would therefore recommend a mid-range MOI of 0.2 TCID50 cell\u22121 for MeV production. Our findings show that SCM, SFM and CDM are equally suitable for MeV production in terms of yield and process time. This will allow MeV production in serum-free conditions, addressing the safety risks and ethical concerns associated with the use of serum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T04:03:24Z","timestamp":1730865804000},"page":"1740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Production of Oncolytic Measles Virus in Vero Cells: Impact of Culture Medium and Multiplicity of Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Eckhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0115-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2564-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7529-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-P.","family":"Klee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0954-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irakli","family":"Sardlishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9637-572X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars E.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3045-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Fey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Czermak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Salzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstra\u00dfe 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5688","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"3","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2019.1709794","article-title":"Opportunities to debottleneck the downstream processing of the oncolytic measles virus","volume":"40","author":"Loewe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. 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