{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:23:31Z","timestamp":1792664611369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monkeypox outbreak has grown beyond the regions in which it was considered endemic. It has spread from central and west Africa to non-endemic regions like Europe, America, and other parts of the world. It has recently been classified as a public health emergency of international concern. This study evaluated the challenges faced globally and equitable access to monkeypox vaccines. Global competition has been observed in the race to obtain vaccines, with low- and middle-income countries being disadvantaged. Great inequity exists in the distribution of vaccines globally through advance purchase agreements, vaccine stockpiling, vaccine nationalism, the inequitable distribution of existing resources, and insufficient surveillance and reporting mechanisms. To address some of these challenges, there is a need for strengthening the global vaccine manufacturing capacity, targeting countries with elevated risk profiles and limited resources, strengthening surveillance systems, and addressing vaccine hesitancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:25:42Z","timestamp":1732191942000},"page":"1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Challenges in Global Distribution and Equitable Access to Monkeypox Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengak P.","family":"Danladi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Infectious Diseases and Control Institute, Nasarawa State University Keffi, RWR4+H9P, Keffi 961101, Nigeria"},{"name":"African Community for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 172 Akai Efa, MCC Road, Calabar 540211, Cross River State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Progress","family":"Agboola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Olaniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6059-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Eze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu 441103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8718-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwatimilehin","family":"Oladapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Obiwulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 102216, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olatokun Shamsudeen","family":"Akano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olowoyeye Aishat","family":"Adeola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2644-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaliq","family":"Olawale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azeez Idowu","family":"Adiatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agboola","family":"Peace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seventh-Day Adventist College of Nursing, Ile-Ife 220103, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c00069","article-title":"An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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