{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:14:40Z","timestamp":1789647280913,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["197785619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["197785619"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["511670106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["511670106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some viruses can suppress superinfections of their host cells by related or different virus species. The phenomenon of superinfection exclusion can be caused by inhibiting virus attachment, receptor binding and entry, by replication interference, or competition for host cell resources. Blocking attachment and entry not only prevents unproductive double infections but also stops newly produced virions from re-entering the cell post-exocytosis. In this study, we investigated the exclusion of superinfections between the different pestivirus species. Bovine and porcine cells pre-infected with non-cytopathogenic pestivirus strains were evaluated for susceptibility to subsequent superinfection using comparative titrations. Our findings revealed significant variation in exclusion potency depending on the pre- and superinfecting virus species, as well as the host cell species. Despite this variability, all tested classical pestivirus species reduced host cell susceptibility to subsequent infections, indicating a conserved entry mechanism. Unexpectedly, pre-infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) increased host cell susceptibility to classical pestiviruses. Further analysis showed that APPV can infect SK-6 cells independently of ADAM17, a critical attachment factor for the classical pestiviruses. These results indicate that APPV uses different binding and entry mechanisms than the other pestiviruses. The observed increase in the susceptibility of cells post-APPV infection warrants further investigation and could have practical implications, such as aiding challenging pestivirus isolation from diagnostic samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1732681212000},"page":"1834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exclusion of Superinfection or Enhancement of Superinfection in Pestiviruses\u2014APPV Infection Is Not Dependent on ADAM17"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Geranio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Affeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Cechini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina M.","family":"Reuscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4349-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 All\u00e9e d\u2019Italie, 69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"R\u00fcmenapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9668-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.15.4710-4717.1994","article-title":"Inactivation of FhuA at the cell surface of Escherichia coli K-12 by a phage T5 lipoprotein at the periplasmic face of the outer membrane","volume":"176","author":"Braun","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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