{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:20:26Z","timestamp":1778908826142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for research on HIV\/AIDS prevention and management (CIRCB)","award":["CIPHER-ADOLA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPHER-ADOLA-2023"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research","award":["CIPHER-ADOLA-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPHER-ADOLA-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual therapies (DT) combining integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) with second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2nd-Gen-NNRTIs) offer new possibilities for HIV treatment to improve adherence. However, drug resistance associated mutations (RAMs) to prior antiretrovirals may jeopardize the efficacy of DT. We herein describe the predicted efficacy of DT combining INSTIs + 2nd-Gen-NNRTI following treatment failure among Cameroonian patients. We genotyped the HIV-1 pol gene using Sanger sequencing and assessed acquired RAMs to NNRTIs and INSTIs in patients failing treatment from March 2019 to December 2023. Drug susceptibility was interpreted using Stanford HIVdb v9.5, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v22. Of 130 successfully genotyped participants (median age (IQR): 38 (27\u201346) years; 59.2% female), 92.3% had RAMs to NNRTIs and 1.5% to INSTIs. Prevailing RAMs were Y181C (32.3%) among NNRTIs and R263K (0.7%) among INSTIs. Among 2nd-Gen-NNRTIs, etravirine, doravirine and rilpivirine had 43.85%, 41.54% and 38.46% genotypic sensitivity, respectively. Among INSTIs, we found 97.69% efficacy for dolutegravir\/bictegravir, 96.15% for cabotegravir and 92.31% for elvitegravir\/raltegravir. The overall predictive efficacy of DT was lower among participants who failed 1st-Gen-NNRTI (p &lt; 0.001); with etravirine + dolutegravir\/bictegravir combination showing the highest score (43.8%). Conclusively, DT combining INSTIs + 2nd-Gen-NNRTIs might be suboptimal in the context of previous ART failure, especially with NNRTI-based treatment in low- and middle-income countries. The general data clearly indicate that without resistance testing, it is nearly impossible to use long-acting dual therapies in previously failing patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1732849028000},"page":"1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictive Efficacy of Dual Therapies Combining Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors with Second-Generation Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Following HIV-1 Treatment Failure in Cameroon: Implications for the Use of a Long-Acting Therapeutic Strategy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7377-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davy-Hyacinthe","family":"Gouissi Anguechia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 337, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4187-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagai","family":"Bouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezechiel Ngoufack Jagni","family":"Semengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1459, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aude Christelle","family":"Ka\u2019e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","family":"Takou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1459, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Ambe Chenwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1459, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Beloumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex Durand","family":"Nka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich Roland","family":"Basseck Wome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6228-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Mercedes","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceccherini-Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adawaye","family":"Chatt\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Management Unit, Ministry of Health, N\u2019djamena P.O. Box 548, Chad"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Montesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"LAGET, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), N\u2019djamena P.O. Box 456, Chad"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Colizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"LAGET, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), N\u2019djamena P.O. Box 456, Chad"},{"name":"EUROBIOPARK and UNSECO Board for Biotechnology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Evangelical University of Cameroon, Bandjoun P.O. Box 127, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ndjolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 337, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Mbanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 337, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicaise","family":"Ndembi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo-Federico","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Fokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV\/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 3077, Cameroon"},{"name":"National HIV Drug Resistance Working Group, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1459, Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Central Technical Group, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaound\u00e9 P.O. Box 1459, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, May 18). UNAIDS Global HIV & AIDS Statistics\u2014Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a007161","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007161","article-title":"HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Arts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, May 17). [Comit\u00e9 National de Lutte Contre Le SIDA\u2014CNLS] [Cnls.Cm]. 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/12\/1853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:13Z","timestamp":1760114533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/16\/12\/1853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v16121853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16121853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}