{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:09:09Z","timestamp":1793776149538,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged the rapid development and licensing of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, numerous vaccines are available on a global scale and are based on different mechanisms of action, including mRNA technology, viral vectors, inactive viruses, and subunit particles. Mass vaccination conducted worldwide has highlighted the potential development of side effects, including ones with skin involvement. This review synthesizes data from 62 manuscripts, reporting a total of 142 cases of autoimmune blistering skin diseases (AIBDs) following COVID-19 vaccination, comprising 59 cases of pemphigus and 83 cases of bullous pemphigoid. Among the 83 bullous pemphigoid cases, 78 were BP, with additional cases including 2 oral mucous membrane pemphigoid, 1 pemphigoid gestationis, 1 anti-p200 BP, and 1 dyshidrosiform BP. The mean age of affected individuals was 72 \u00b1 12.7 years, with an average symptom onset of 11 \u00b1 10.8 days post-vaccination. Notably, 59% of cases followed vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), 51.8% were new diagnoses, and 45.8% occurred after the second dose. The purpose of our review is to analyze the cases of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid associated with COVID-19 vaccination and to investigate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the new development or flare-up of these diseases in association with vaccination. Our results show that the association between COVID-19 vaccines and AIBDs is a possible event.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1733724974000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2523-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Martora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5940-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Potestio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddalena","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8661-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cataldo","family":"Patruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Megna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16236","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions of patients with rare diseases: An experience of a Southern Italy referral center","volume":"61","author":"Martora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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