{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:34:13Z","timestamp":1787315653327,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":393,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which are the only members of the gamma(\u03b3) herpesviruses, are oncogenic viruses that significantly contribute to the development of various human cancers, such as Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma, Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma, and primary effusion lymphoma. Oncogenesis triggered by \u03b3-herpesviruses involves complex interactions between viral genetics, host cellular mechanisms, and immune evasion strategies. At the genetic level, crucial viral oncogenes participate in the disruption of cell signaling, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. These viral proteins can modulate several cellular pathways, including the NF-\u03baB and JAK\/STAT pathways, which play essential roles in cell survival and inflammation. Epigenetic modifications further contribute to EBV- and KSHV-mediated cancerogenesis. Both EBV and KSHV manipulate host cell DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling, the interplay of which contribute to the elevation of oncogene expression and the silencing of the tumor suppressor genes. Immune factors also play a pivotal role in the development of cancer. The \u03b3-herpesviruses have evolved intricate immune evasion strategies, including the manipulation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the release of cytokines, allowing infected cells to evade immune detection and destruction. In addition, a compromised immune system, such as in HIV\/AIDS patients, significantly increases the risk of cancers associated with EBV and KSHV. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the genetic, epigenetic, and immune mechanisms by which \u03b3-herpesviruses drive cancerogenesis, highlighting key molecular pathways and potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The \u2018Oma\u2019s of the Gammas\u2014Cancerogenesis by \u03b3-Herpesviruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5412-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwesha","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8264-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debashree","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumik","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mollina","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Harshithkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8016-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parikshit","family":"Bagchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-2258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anupam","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, MH, India"},{"name":"AcSIR\u2014Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, UP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-072710-081639","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Host Control of Gammaherpesviruses: Lessons from the Mouse","volume":"29","author":"Barton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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