{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T21:07:13Z","timestamp":1777064833163,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fondazione \u201cIstituto di Ricerca Virologica Oretta Bartolomei Corsi\u201d Florence, Italy","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Understanding the interference patterns of respiratory viruses could be important for shedding light on potential strategies to combat these human infectious agents. Objective. To investigate the possible interactions between adenovirus type 2 (AdV2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A\/H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) using the A549 cell line. Methods. Single infections, co-infections, and superinfections (at 3 and 24 h after the first virus infection) were performed by varying the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Virus replication kinetics and the mRNA expression of IFN-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b1 and IL-6 were assessed by real-time qPCR. Results. Co-infection experiments showed different growth dynamics, depending on the presence of the specific virus and time. AdV2 replication remained stable or possibly enhanced in the presence of co-infection with each of the two H1N1pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses used. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 replication was facilitated by H1N1pdm09 but hindered by AdV2, indicating possible different interactions. Finally, H1N1pdm09 replication exhibited variably effectiveness in the presence of AdV2 and SARS-CoV-2. Superinfection experiments showed that the replication of all viruses was affected by time and MOI. The mRNA expression of IFN-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b1 and IL-6 showed divergent results depending on the virus used and the time of infection. Conclusions. Further investigation of co-infection or superinfection may be helpful in understanding the potential relationship involved in the outcome of viral respiratory infection in the human population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T10:54:20Z","timestamp":1734605660000},"page":"1947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Respiratory Virus-Specific and Time-Dependent Interference of Adenovirus Type 2, SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus H1N1pdm09 During Viral Dual Co-Infection and Superinfection In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alfreda","family":"Stincarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Arvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Giannecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","article-title":"Seasonality of respiratory viral infections","volume":"7","author":"Moriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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