{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:17Z","timestamp":1760146937631,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maine Space Grant Consortium (MSGC)","award":["1P20GM144265-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM144265-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NASA\u2019s National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program","award":["1P20GM144265-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM144265-01A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P20GM144265-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM144265-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a persistent, asymptomatic kidney infection in most of the population. However, JCPyV can reactivate in immunocompromised individuals and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease with no approved treatment. Mutations in the hypervariable non-coding control region (NCCR) of the JCPyV genome have been linked to disease outcomes and neuropathogenesis, yet few metanalyses document these associations. Many online sequence entries, including those on NCBI databases, lack sufficient sample information, limiting large-scale analyses of NCCR sequences. Machine learning techniques, however, can augment available data for analysis. This study employs a previously compiled dataset of 989 JCPyV NCCR sequences from GenBank with associated patient PML status and viral tissue source to train multilayer perceptrons for predicting missing information within the dataset. The PML status and tissue source models were 100% and 87.8% accurate, respectively. Within the dataset, 348 samples had an unconfirmed PML status, where 259 were predicted as No PML and 89 as PML sequences. Of the 63 sequences with unconfirmed tissue sources, eight samples were predicted as urine, 13 as blood, and 42 as cerebrospinal fluid. These models can improve viral sequence identification and provide insights into viral mutations and pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1735154372000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Neural Network Performance in Predicting Disease Status and Tissue Source of JC Polyomavirus from Patient Isolates Based on the Hypervariable Region of the Viral Genome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1398-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiden M. C.","family":"Pike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Space Grant Consortium, Augusta, ME 04330, USA"},{"name":"Life Sciences, Health, and Engineering Department, The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8703-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Amal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Maginnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School in Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Wilczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences, Health, and Engineering Department, The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04101, USA"},{"name":"Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics Center, The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, ME 04101, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.020115-0","article-title":"Prevalence and Stability of Antibodies to the BK and JC Polyomaviruses: A Long-Term Longitudinal Study of Australians","volume":"91","author":"Antonsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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