{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:34:13Z","timestamp":1793864053778,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are vector-borne orbiviruses that pose an emerging threat to livestock, including cattle and sheep. This review summarizes the global distribution, genetic diversity, and key factors driving their spread along with the existing knowledge gaps and recommendations to mitigate their impact. Both viruses cause hemorrhagic disease in susceptible ruminants and are commonly reported in tropical and subtropical regions including North America, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and some parts of Europe. The geographical distribution of these viruses, encompassing 27 BTV and 7 EHDV serotypes, has shifted, particularly with the recent invasion of BTV-3, 4, and 8 and EHDV-8 serotypes in Europe. Several factors contribute to the recent spread of these viruses such as the distribution of virulent strains by the movement of temperature-dependent Culicoides vectors into new areas due to rapid climate change, the reassortment of viral strains during mixed infections, and unrestricted global trade. These diseases cause significant economic impacts including morbidity, mortality, reduced production, high management costs, and the disruption of international trade. Effective prevention and control strategies are paramount and rely on vaccination, vector control using insecticides, and the destruction of breeding sites, husbandry practices including the isolation and quarantine of infected hosts, restriction of animal movement, prompt diagnosis and identification of circulating strains, and effective surveillance and monitoring plans such as the pre-export and post-import screening of semen used for artificial insemination. However, challenges remain with intercontinental virus spread, live vaccines, and the failure of inactivated vaccines to produce protective immunity against dissimilar strains. Significant knowledge gaps highlight the need for a better scientific understanding and a strategic plan to ensure healthy livestock and global food security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T19:33:07Z","timestamp":1735241587000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Global Burden of Emerging and Re-Emerging Orbiviruses in Livestock: An Emphasis on Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2119-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanta","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eaftekhar Ahmed","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Jakir Hossain Road, Khulsi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Asaduzzaman","family":"Prodhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Hasina","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jully","family":"Gogoi-Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subir","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-8954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Annandale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Eagles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AHL), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0950-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasim M.","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, December 06). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Orbivirus. Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202104877."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, N.A., Varga, C., Ruder, M.G., Dorak, S.J., Roca, A.L., Novakofski, J.E., and Mateus-Pinilla, N.E. (2021). Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in the United States of America at the wildlife\u2013livestock interface. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080915"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13338","article-title":"Characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 28","volume":"67","author":"Bumbarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"339","article-title":"Experimental infection of calves with seven serotypes of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus: Production and characterization of reference sera","volume":"55","author":"Sailleau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.08.003","article-title":"Bluetongue virus: From BTV-1 to BTV-27","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Belbis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: Current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2022, December 06). Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease (Infection with Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terretrial Animals., Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/standard-setting\/terrestris."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ries, C., V\u00f6gtlin, A., H\u00fcssy, D., Jandt, T., Gobet, H., Hilbe, M., Burgener, C., Schweizer, L., H\u00e4fliger-Speiser, S., and Beer, M. (2021). Putative novel atypical BTV serotype \u201836\u2019 identified in small ruminants in Switzerland. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050721"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.005","article-title":"Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: Recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1703","article-title":"Transmission and epidemiology of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in North America: Current perspectives, research gaps, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Ruder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"144","article-title":"Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection","volume":"40","author":"Tabachnick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3514-8","article-title":"Field data implicating Culicoides stellifer and Culicoides venustus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus","volume":"12","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-022-00263-8","article-title":"A review of the vector status of North American Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and other arboviruses of concern","volume":"9","author":"McGregor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendiola, S.Y., Mills, M.K., Maki, E., Drolet, B.S., Wilson, W.C., Berghaus, R., Stallknecht, D.E., Breitenbach, J., McVey, D.S., and Ruder, M.G. (2019). EHDV-2 infection prevalence varies in Culicoides sonorensis after feeding on infected white-tailed deer over the course of viremia. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040371"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cabello, L., Utrilla-Trigo, S., Lorenzo, G., Ortego, J., and Calvo-Pinilla, E. (2023). Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus: Current knowledge and emerging perspectives. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051339"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.04.003","article-title":"The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue","volume":"141","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanase, T., Murota, K., and Hayama, Y. (2020). Endemic and emerging arboviruses in domestic ruminants in East Asia. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00168"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080572","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in cattle, Western Turkey","volume":"15","author":"Temizel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.171859","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 infection in cattle, Japan, 2015","volume":"24","author":"Kamomae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.05.010","article-title":"Characterization of genome segments 2, 3 and 6 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated in Japan in 1985\u20132013: Identification of their serotypes and geographical genetic types","volume":"53","author":"Shirafuji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717726826","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 outbreak in Israeli cattle in 2015","volume":"29","author":"Golender","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2016.025","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus associated with a Tunisian outbreak among cattle in 2006","volume":"64","author":"Sailleau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sghaier, S., Sailleau, C., Marcacci, M., Thabet, S., Curini, V., Ben Hassine, T., Teodori, L., Portanti, O., Hammami, S., and Jurisic, L. (2022). Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 in tunisia, 2021. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0195.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.004","article-title":"Epizootic haemorragic disease","volume":"91","author":"Savini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1684\/vir.2023.0988","article-title":"Emergence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in Europe","volume":"27","author":"Zientara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1831708","article-title":"An updated review on bluetongue virus: Epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India","volume":"40","author":"Saminathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"100075","article-title":"A spatial risk assessment model framework for incursion of exotic animal disease into the European Union Member States","volume":"13","author":"Simons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12317","article-title":"Pathways for entry of livestock arboviruses into Great Britain: Assessing the strength of evidence","volume":"62","author":"Gale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-012-0674-7","article-title":"Qualitative veterinary risk assessment of the role of wild deer in the likelihood of incursion and the impact on effective disease control of selected exotic notifiable diseases in England","volume":"59","author":"Hartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(94)90044-2","article-title":"The epidemiology of bluetongue","volume":"17","author":"Gibbs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.06.002","article-title":"Bluetongue in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: History of occurrence prior to 2006","volume":"87","author":"Mellor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.10.012","article-title":"Global implications of the recent emergence of bluetongue virus in Europe","volume":"26","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha Filho, L.F.C.d., Sbizera, M.C.R., Barreto, J.V.P., Pituco, E.M., Lorenzetti, E., Lunard, M., Patelli, T.H.C., and Matias, B.F. (2019). Bluetongue disease in sheep: A review. Arq. Do Inst. Biol\u00f3gico, 86.","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657001342018"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1464-1470","article-title":"A comprehensive study on seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in Haryana state of India","volume":"10","author":"Maan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ostlund, E. (2009, January 8\u201314). NVSL update to the bluetongue and related orbiviruses committee. Proceedings of the 113th Annual Meeting of the US Animal Health Association, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"263","article-title":"Forty years continous monitoring for bluetongue virus at an Australian site of high arbovirus activity","volume":"51","author":"Melville","year":"2015","journal-title":"What have we achieved?"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13981","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02055-14","article-title":"Evolution of bluetongue virus serotype 1 in northern Australia over 30 years","volume":"88","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0488-4","article-title":"Genomic analysis of bluetongue virus episystems in Australia and Indonesia","volume":"48","author":"Firth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6724","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00182-12","article-title":"Genomic sequences of Australian bluetongue virus prototype serotypes reveal global relationships and possible routes of entry into Australia","volume":"86","author":"Boyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13292","article-title":"Bluetongue disease in sheep in New South Wales\u2013April 2023","volume":"102","author":"Kirkland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Australia, A.H. (2024, March 05). National Arbovirus Monitoring Program 2022\u20132023 Report. Available online: https:\/\/x.com\/animalhealthAUS\/status\/1764787964159156484."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Riyami, S., and Stevenson, M. (2024). The effect of climate change on the spread of predicted bluetongue in Australian livestock. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.01.592030"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1090","article-title":"Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Purse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2002.0713","article-title":"Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998\u20132001","volume":"164","author":"Mellor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.2.1801","article-title":"Invasion of bluetongue and other orbivirus infections into Europe: The role of biological and climatic processes","volume":"27","author":"Purse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szmaragd, C., Wilson, A.J., Carpenter, S., Wood, J.L., Mellor, P.S., and Gubbins, S. (2010). The spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in Great Britain and its control by vaccination. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009353"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1053-x","article-title":"Bluetongue in Europe: Vectors, epidemiology and climate change","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2013.12.011","article-title":"Bluetongue disease\u2014Global overview and future risks","volume":"118","author":"Ganter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0255","article-title":"Modelling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Guis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundlacz, C., Caignard, G., Sailleau, C., Viarouge, C., Postic, L., Vitour, D., Zientara, S., and Breard, E. (2019). Bluetongue virus in France: An Illustration of the European and Mediterranean Context since the 2000s. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070672"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2009.01092.x","article-title":"Emergence of bluetongue serotypes in Europe, part 2: The occurrence of a BTV-11 strain in Belgium","volume":"56","author":"Mertens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.11.040","article-title":"Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 6 in Europe\u2014German field data and experimental infection of cattle","volume":"143","author":"Eschbaumer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagenaars, T.J., Backx, A., Van Rooij, E.M., Vrouenraets, R.M., Bontje, D.M., Bouma, A., and Elbers, A.R. (2021). Within-farm transmission characteristics of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands, 2007\u20132008. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246565"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12652","article-title":"Circulation of bluetongue virus 8 in French cattle, before and after the re-emergence in 2015","volume":"65","author":"Courtejoie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2189","article-title":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Scientific Opinion on bluetongue serotype 8: EFSA-Q-2010-01237","volume":"9","author":"Oura","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA Panel Anim. Health Welf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12919","article-title":"Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 in mainland France in November 2017","volume":"65","author":"Sailleau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00163-16","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00163-16","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 8, which reemerged in France in August 2015","volume":"4","author":"Sailleau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"955366","article-title":"Spatio-temporal and trade export risk analysis of bluetongue disease in France: A case study of China. Front","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Plateforme ESA (2024, November 29). Weekly Bulletin of International Animal Health Surveillance (BHVSI-SA). Available online: https:\/\/www.plateforme-esa.fr\/fr\/bulletins-hebdomadaires-de-veille-sanitaire-internationale-du-06-02-2024."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446398","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2446398","article-title":"Bluetongue Virus Infection in Farm Dogs Exposed to an Infected Sheep Flock in South Africa","volume":"2024","author":"Hanekom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golender, N., Klement, E., Kovtunenko, A., Even-Tov, B., Zamir, L., Tiomkin, E., Kenigswald, G., and Hoffmann, B. (2023). Comparative Molecular and Epidemiological Analyses of Israeli Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 1 and 9 Causing Outbreaks in 2018\u20132020. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020366"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"273","article-title":"Alert news","volume":"53","author":"Lorusso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibard, A., Martinetti, D., Giraud, A., Picado, A., Chalvet-Monfray, K., and Porphyre, T. (Risk Anal., 2024). Quantitative risk assessment for the introduction of bluetongue virus into mainland Europe by long-distance wind dispersal of Culicoides spp.: A case study from Sardinia, Risk Anal., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14345"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golender, N., Bumbarov, V., Eldar, A., Lorusso, A., Kenigswald, G., Varsano, J.S., David, D., Schainin, S., Dagoni, I., and Gur, I. (2020). Bluetongue Serotype 3 in Israel 2013\u20132018: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization of Israeli Strains. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00112"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Salem, A., Ben Aicha, E., Kalthoum, S., Dhaouadi, A., Hajlaoui, H., Bel Haj Mohamed, B., Ben Slimen, I., Khalfaoui, W., Gharbi, R., and Guesmi, K. (2024). Estimation of the economic impact of a bluetongue serotype 4 outbreak in Tunisia. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1310202"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"National Disease Control Centre Number 4 of 2024 (2024, April 29). Bluetongue Virus Update, Available online: https:\/\/assets.gov.ie\/291701\/78ef6444-9678-4225-8bcb-d2854675e6e5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13156","article-title":"Western Bluetongue virus serotype 3 in Sardinia, diagnosis and characterization","volume":"66","author":"Cappai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boender, G.-J., Hagenaars, T.J., Holwerda, M., Spierenburg, M.A., van Rijn, P.A., van der Spek, A.N., and Elbers, A.R. (2024). Spatial Transmission Characteristics of the Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 Epidemic in The Netherlands, 2023. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040625"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Actual News Magazine (2024, August 09). Two New Outbreaks of a New Type of Bluetongue Detected in France. Available online: https:\/\/actualnewsmagazine.com\/english\/two-new-outbreaks-of-a-new-type-of-bluetongue-detected-in-france\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Imports and eu policy team (2024, August 14). Outbreak of Bluetongue Virus in Denmark, Available online: http:\/\/apha.defra.gov.uk\/documents\/bip\/ovs-notes\/2024-30.pdf."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Berlin (AFP) (2024, August 13). Germany Sees Explosion in Cases of Bluetongue Virus. Available online: https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/live-news\/20240813-germany-sees-explosion-in-cases-of-bluetongue-virus."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3, the Netherlands, September 2023","volume":"30","author":"Holwerda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J. CDC"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.568","article-title":"Evidence of natural bluetongue virus infection among African carnivores","volume":"51","author":"Alexander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-198","article-title":"Bluetongue: A historical and epidemiological perspective with the emphasis on South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Coetzee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"462","article-title":"Bluetongue: Pathogenesis and duration of viraemia","volume":"40","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.17221\/3206-VETMED","article-title":"Bluetongue: A review","volume":"56","author":"Sperlova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"115","article-title":"Bluetongue in Israel\u2014A brief historical overview","volume":"40","author":"Shimshony","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Ital"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1699","article-title":"Orbiviruses: A north American perspective","volume":"15","author":"McVey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12258","article-title":"Epidemiology of bluetongue in India","volume":"63","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1978.tb05539.x","article-title":"The isolation of a bluetongue virus from Culicoides collected in the Northern Territory of Australia","volume":"54","author":"George","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Bellis, G., Melville, L., and Walsh, S. (2004, January 22\u201327). Preliminary assessment of the vector capacity of Culicoides nudipalpis and C. orientalis for bluetongue virus. Proceedings of the Arbovirus Research in Australia Ninth Symposium, Noosa Lakes, Australia."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12560","article-title":"Emergence of a novel bluetongue virus serotype, China 2014","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000965","article-title":"Recent US bluetongue virus serotype 3 isolates found outside of Florida indicate evidence of reassortment with co-circulating endemic serotypes","volume":"99","author":"Schirtzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800415","article-title":"First report of bluetongue virus serotype 1 isolated from a white-tailed deer in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13288","article-title":"The potential for bluetongue virus serotype 16 to cause disease in sheep in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"101","author":"Gestier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800051591","article-title":"The distribution of Akabane virus in the Middle East","volume":"113","author":"Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0091","article-title":"Bluetongue in Europe: Past, present and future","volume":"364","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"109","article-title":"Bluetongue virus in Europe: The current epidemiological situation","volume":"78","author":"Niedbalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008023","article-title":"Bluetongue virus: Virology, pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"39","author":"Mertens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.071441","article-title":"Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union","volume":"14","author":"Saegerman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2857-0","article-title":"First detection of bluetongue virus serotype 14 in Poland","volume":"161","author":"Smreczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.06.028","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in Sardinia during autumn 2012: New incursions or re-infection with old strains?","volume":"19","author":"Lorusso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"223","article-title":"Analysis of climatic factors involved in the BTV-1 incursion in Central Italy in 2014","volume":"52","author":"Conte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.156","article-title":"Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia","volume":"5","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000557","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotype 27: Detection and characterization of two novel variants in Corsica, France","volume":"97","author":"Schulz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13466","article-title":"Clinical cases of Bluetongue serotype 8 in calves in France in the 2018\u20132019 winter","volume":"67","author":"Vinomack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golender, N., Eldar, A., Ehrlich, M., Kenigswald, G., Shlamovitz, I., Even-Tov, B., Zamir, L., Klement, E., and Bumbarov, V. (2021). Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008\u20132019. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091955"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, A., Kampen, H., Heuser, E., Zeiske, S., Hoffmann, B., Hoeper, D., Holsteg, M., Sick, F., Ziegler, S., and Wernike, K. (2024). Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 3 in western Germany, October 2023, and ad-hoc monitoring in Culicoides biting midges. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.26.582175"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16947","article-title":"Bluetongue virus: Past, present, and future scope","volume":"17","author":"Subhadra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes, J., Barrios-Garc\u00eda, H., Carvajal-de la Fuente, V., Corona-Gonz\u00e1lez, B., Obreg\u00f3n Alvarez, D., and Romero-Salas, D. (2024). Viral Diseases in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): New Insights and Perspectives. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060845"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Large scale monitoring of putative vectors of BTV-8 in Germany","volume":"18","author":"Conraths","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leipz. Blaue Hefte"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casaubon, J., Chaignat, V., Vogt, H.-R., Michel, A.O., Th\u00fcr, B., and Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P. (2013). Survey of bluetongue virus infection in free-ranging wild ruminants in Switzerland. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-166"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howerth, E.W., Stallknecht, D.E., and Kirkland, P.D. (2001). Bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and other orbivirus-related diseases. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344880.ch3"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-23-00021","article-title":"Patterns of Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Great Plains of the USA, 1982\u20132020","volume":"60","author":"Kring","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"253","article-title":"Bluetongue and other orbiviruses in South America: Gaps and challenges","volume":"51","author":"Lobato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.1.230","article-title":"Orbivirus infections in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in southeastern Brazil","volume":"48","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-10-244","article-title":"Health assessment of wild lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in the highly threatened Cerrado biome, Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Medici","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001561","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001561","article-title":"Bluetongue virus in South America: Current status based on phylogenetic analysis","volume":"102","author":"Legisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.030","article-title":"Bluetongue virus in South America, central America and the Caribbean","volume":"182","author":"Legisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2015\/3.9.500.502","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bluetongue in free-range mithuns (Bos frontalis)","volume":"3","author":"Joardar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1672-x","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bluetongue and presence of viral antigen and type-specific neutralizing antibodies in goats in Tripura, a state at Indo-Bangladesh border of northeastern India","volume":"51","author":"De","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2017.00049.2","article-title":"Seroprevalence of bluetongue in dromedaries","volume":"24","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Camel Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.-J., Choi, J.-G., Seong, D.-S., Jeong, J.-U., Kim, H.-J., Park, S.-W., Yun, S.-P., and Roh, I.-S. (2024). The First Report on the Complete Sequence Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in the Republic of Korea. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11010029"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan, S., Maan, N.S., Nomikou, K., Veronesi, E., Bachanek-Bankowska, K., Belaganahalli, M.N., Attoui, H., and Mertens, P.P. (2011). Complete genome characterisation of a novel 26th bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026147"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attoui, H., Maan, S., Anthony, S.J., and Mertens, P.P. (2009). Bluetongue virus, other orbiviruses and other reoviruses: Their relationships and taxonomy. Bluetongue, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369368-6.50007-1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015651-0","article-title":"Detection of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in the USA containing RNA segments derived from both exotic (EHDV-6) and endemic (EHDV-2) serotypes","volume":"91","author":"Allison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"19","article-title":"Assessment of role of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in abortion in cattle and small ruminants in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Vet. Anim. Sci. (REPVAS)"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04412-9","article-title":"Identification and complete-genome phylogenetic analysis of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 strain isolated in China","volume":"164","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, J., Dong, J., Li, J., Ye, L., Zhang, C., Nie, F., Gu, Y., Ji, X., Song, Z., and Luo, Q. (2023). Current Knowledge on Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in China. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061123"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.09.006","article-title":"Identification of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes in French Guiana in 2011 and 2012","volume":"174","author":"Viarouge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.037","article-title":"Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte","volume":"191","author":"Dommergues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.11.001","article-title":"Bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in local breeds of cattle in Kenya","volume":"94","author":"Toye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180743","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer, Canada","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0539","article-title":"Serologic evidence of arthropod-borne virus infections in wild and captive ruminants in Ontario, Canada","volume":"103","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-024","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in Alberta, Canada","volume":"50","author":"Pybus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-12-330","article-title":"Apparent increase of reported hemorrhagic disease in the midwestern and northeastern USA","volume":"51","author":"Stallknecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.221773","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8, italy, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Lorusso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"GOV.UK (2022, November 24). Updated Outbreak Assessment: Epidemiology Haemorrhagic Disease in Europe, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6399e2d5e90e072aefe10280\/Epizootic_haemorrhagic_disease_in_europe.pdf."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Animal & Plant Health Agency (2023, December 20). Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in Europe, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/epizootic-haemorrhagic-disease-in-europe\/28-november-2023-epizootic-haemorrhagic-disease-in-europe."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Plateforme ESA (2023, November 24). Weekly Bulletin of International Animal Health Surveillance (BHVSI-SA) Bulletins Hebdomadaires de Veille Sanitaire Internationale du 21\/11\/2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.plateforme-esa.fr\/en\/node\/1420."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0648-y","article-title":"Climate change: An enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control","volume":"21","author":"Dubrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Anderson, D., Frosch, B., and Outlaw, J. (2007). Economic impact of the Texas deer breeding industry. Agricultural and Food Policy Center Research Report, Texas A&M University."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.111.2.155","article-title":"A virus-induced epizootic hemorrhagic disease of the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"111","author":"Shope","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"17","article-title":"Report on the deer mortality, epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer","volume":"6","author":"Shope","year":"1955","journal-title":"NJ Outdoors"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00447.x","article-title":"Ibaraki virus, an agent of epizootic disease of cattle resembling bluetongue i. Epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic observations and experimental transmission to calves","volume":"13","author":"Omori","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"1","article-title":"An outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in wild ungulates in Alberta","volume":"42","author":"Chalmers","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"196","article-title":"The virus of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer","volume":"29","author":"Ditchfield","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) (2009). Scientific Opinion on Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease. EFSA J., 7, 1418.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1418"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.09.006","article-title":"Co-circulation of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses in cattle in Reunion Island","volume":"155","author":"Sailleau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-12-284","article-title":"The first 10 years (2006\u201315) of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in the USA","volume":"53","author":"Ruder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2021.v11.i2.15","article-title":"First seroprevalence investigation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Libya","volume":"11","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia5010006","article-title":"The Molecular Epidemiology of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses Identified in Israel between 2015 and 2023","volume":"5","author":"Golender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiologia"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"19","article-title":"Investigation of the serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and analysis of their distribution in Guangxi","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai J. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12324","article-title":"Bovine arboviruses in Culicoides biting midges and sentinel cattle in southern Japan from 2003 to 2013","volume":"63","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.10.003","article-title":"Comparison of the epidemiology of epizootic haemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses in dairy cattle in Israel","volume":"190","author":"Kedmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.2.53","article-title":"Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus type 7 infection in cattle in Israel","volume":"162","author":"Yadin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180149","article-title":"Detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1, Israel","volume":"25","author":"Golender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.04.033","article-title":"Presence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in Egypt in 2016 and 2017","volume":"73","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9610-6","article-title":"A serologic investigation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in cattle and gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa in Turkey","volume":"42","author":"Albayrak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1986.tb03006.x","article-title":"A preliminary report of a comparison of epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses from Australia with others from North America, Japan and Nigeria","volume":"63","author":"Campbell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.07.011","article-title":"Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the core proteins VP1, VP3, VP4, VP6 and VP7 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)","volume":"145","author":"Anthony","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maan, N.S., Maan, S., Nomikou, K., Johnson, D.J., El Harrak, M., Madani, H., Yadin, H., Incoglu, S., Yesilbag, K., and Allison, A.B. (2010). RT-PCR assays for seven serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus & their use to type strains from the Mediterranean region and North America. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012782"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"369","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in a yak","volume":"55","author":"Raabis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey, C.L., Rathbun, S.L., Stallknecht, D.E., and Ruder, M.G. (2021). Spatial analysis of the 2017 outbreak of hemorrhagic disease and physiographic region in the eastern United States. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040550"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cottingham, S.L., White, Z.S., Wisely, S.M., and Campos-Krauer, J.M. (2021). A Mortality-based description of EHDV and BTV prevalence in farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081443"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713485369","article-title":"Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (Bos grunniens)","volume":"25","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12625","article-title":"Novel serotype of bluetongue virus in South America and first report of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Ecuador","volume":"65","author":"Verdezoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.12.009","article-title":"Identification and characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in cattle co-infected with bluetongue virus in Trinidad, West Indies","volume":"229","author":"Hicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.007","article-title":"Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Reunion Island: Evidence for the circulation of a new serotype and associated risk factors","volume":"170","author":"Roger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"87","article-title":"Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus circulation in Tunisia","volume":"54","author":"Mejri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.14.422","article-title":"Outbreak of epizootic haemorrhagic disease on","volume":"155","author":"Sailleau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.13.431","article-title":"Transient adverse effects of an attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine on the quality of ram semen","volume":"160","author":"Breard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, M.-N., Zhu, J.-B., Liao, S.-Q., Yang, Z.-X., Lin, X.-H., Qi, N.-S., Chen, Q.-L., Wu, C.-Y., Li, J., and Cai, H.-M. (2023). Seroprevalence of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Guangdong Cattle Farms during 2013\u20132017, China. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061263"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(05)64004-3","article-title":"Bluetongue virus proteins and particles and their role in virus entry, assembly, and release","volume":"64","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.8.754","article-title":"MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees","volume":"17","author":"Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"Rambault, A. (2017, July 19). FigTree. Available online: http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk\/software\/figtree\/."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad098","article-title":"Culicoides-borne Orbivirus epidemiology in a changing climate","volume":"60","author":"Hudson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.08.009","article-title":"Prediction of bluetongue vector distribution in Europe and north Africa using satellite imagery","volume":"97","author":"Tatem","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geoghegan, J.L., Walker, P.J., Duchemin, J.-B., Jeanne, I., and Holmes, E.C. (2014). Seasonal drivers of the epidemiology of arthropod-borne viruses in Australia. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003325"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacquet, S., Huber, K., Pag\u00e8s, N., Talavera, S., Burgin, L.E., Carpenter, S., Sanders, C., Dicko, A.H., Djerbal, M., and Goffredo, M. (2016). Range expansion of the Bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola, in continental France likely due to rare wind-transport events. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27247"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"148","article-title":"Climatological factors associated with abundance of Culicoides midges","volume":"26","author":"Bhoyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"243","article-title":"Overwintering of Bluetongue virus in temperate zones","volume":"52","author":"Mayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Lastra, R., Leginagoikoa, I., Plazaola, J.M., Ocabo, B., Aduriz, G., Nunes, T., and Juste, R.A. (2012). Bluetongue virus serotype 1 outbreak in the Basque Country (Northern Spain) 2007\u20132008. Data support a primary vector windborne transport. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034421"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c3961","article-title":"Possible means of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) to Sweden in August 2008: Comparison of results from two models for atmospheric transport of the Culicoides vector","volume":"167","author":"Burgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Climate.gov (2023, March 25). Climate Change: Global Temperature, Available online: http:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-change-global-temperature."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"21","article-title":"Technical review\u2013bluetongue: The virus, hosts and vectors","volume":"1","author":"Tweedle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Exot. Dis. Div. DEFRA Version"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"401","article-title":"Economic impact of Bluetongue: A review of the effects on production","volume":"51","author":"Rushton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Gunn, G., Stott, A., Toma, L., Weldegebriel, H., Moran, D., Fofana, A., Purse, B., Blackwell, A., Gubbins, S., and Mellor, P. (2008). Assessing the Economic Impact of Different Bluetongue Virus (BTV) Incursion Scenarios in Scotland, Scottish Government."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gethmann, J., Probst, C., and Conraths, F.J. (2020). Economic impact of a bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in Germany. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00065"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5800","article-title":"Decrease in milk yield associated with exposure to bluetongue virus serotype 8 in cattle herds","volume":"96","author":"Nusinovici","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2850","article-title":"Assessment of the productivity effects associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease in dairy herds","volume":"93","author":"Kedmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.8.2.191","article-title":"Bluetongue vaccines: The past, present and future","volume":"8","author":"Bhanuprakash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1698","article-title":"Vaccines for prevention of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in livestock: A North American perspective","volume":"15","author":"McVey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.29.3.2001","article-title":"Bluetongue control strategy, including recourse to vaccine: A critical review","volume":"29","author":"Caporale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"668","article-title":"Neutralising antibody response in cattle after vaccination with monovalent modified-live vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 2","volume":"40","author":"Savini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00682.x","article-title":"Studies on the safety and immunogenicity of the South African bluetongue virus serotype 2 monovalent vaccine: Specific detection of the vaccine strain genome by RT-PCR","volume":"50","author":"Hammoumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"611","article-title":"Bluetongue control using vaccines: Experience of the Mediterranean islands","volume":"40","author":"Gerbier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2007.07.006","article-title":"Vaccines against bluetongue in Europe","volume":"31","author":"Savini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12004","article-title":"Bluetongue Serotype 2 and 9 Modified Live Vaccine Viruses as Causative Agents of Abortion in Livestock: A Retrospective Analysis in I taly","volume":"61","author":"Savini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"Savini, G., Hamers, C., Migliaccio, P., Leone, A., Hudelet, P., Schumacher, C., and Caporale, V. (2006, January 15\u201319). Assessment of efficacy of a bivalent inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotypes 2 and 4 in cattle. Proceedings of the 24th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.100","article-title":"Clinical disease in sheep caused by bluetongue virus serotype 8, and prevention by an inactivated vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Moulin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12048","article-title":"A One-year Follow-up of Antibody Response in Cattle and Sheep after Vaccination with Serotype 8-and Serotype 1-inactivated BT Vaccines","volume":"61","author":"Zanella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.106","article-title":"Effect of vaccination with an inactivated vaccine on transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in mid term pregnant ewes and heifers","volume":"30","author":"Vrijenhoek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.087","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of BTV-8 in sheep: BTV viraemia, antibody responses and vaccine efficacy in lambs infected in utero","volume":"31","author":"Smit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800103","article-title":"High Throughput Detection of Bluetongue Virus by a New Real-Time Fluorogenic Reverse Transcription\u2014Polymerase Chain Reaction: Application on Clinical Samples from Current Mediterranean Outbreaks","volume":"18","author":"Miguel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.03.015","article-title":"A review of potential bluetongue virus vaccine strategies","volume":"206","author":"Mayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01641-14","article-title":"Virus and host factors affecting the clinical outcome of bluetongue virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Caporale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.003","article-title":"Innocuity of a commercial live attenuated vaccine for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 in late-term pregnant cows","volume":"34","author":"Spedicato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayler, K.A., Dow, C., and Wisely, S.M. (2016). Facts about Wildlife Diseases: Hemorrhagic Fever in White-Tailed Deer, University of Florida.","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-uw411-2016"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunwoo, S.Y., Noronha, L.E., Morozov, I., Trujillo, J.D., Kim, I.J., Schirtzinger, E.E., Faburay, B., Drolet, B.S., Urbaniak, K., and McVey, D.S. (2020). Evaluation of a baculovirus-expressed VP2 subunit vaccine for the protection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from epizootic hemorrhagic disease. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010059"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cabello, L., Utrilla-Trigo, S., Barreiro-Pi\u00f1eiro, N., Pose-Boirazian, T., Mart\u00ednez-Costas, J., Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, A., and Ortego, J. (2022). Nanoparticle-and microparticle-based vaccines against orbiviruses of veterinary importance. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071124"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199416","article-title":"Efficacy of an inactivated EHDV-8 vaccine in preventing viraemia and clinical signs in experimentally infected cattle","volume":"347","author":"Spedicato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1619-2","article-title":"Does rain reduce the efficacy of Butox 7.5 pour on (deltamethrin) against biting midges (Culicoides specimens)?","volume":"105","author":"Schmahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa027","article-title":"Prospective study of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus transmission in captive ruminants","volume":"57","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00858.x","article-title":"Protection of livestock against bluetongue virus vector Culicoides imicola using insecticide-treated netting in open areas","volume":"24","author":"Calvete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.2006.00538.x","article-title":"Light trapping of biting midges Culicoides spp.(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with green light-emitting diodes","volume":"45","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"125","article-title":"Integrated management of Culicoides sp. of domesticated animals","volume":"20","author":"Narladkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"Marco, C. (2009). Monovalent Modified-Live Vaccine Against Bluetongue Serotype 1: Safety and Efficacy Studies in Sheep. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sassari]."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berheim, E.H., Jenks, J.A., Lundgren, J.G., Michel, E.S., Grove, D., and Jensen, W.F. (2019). Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on physiology and reproductive characteristics of captive female and fawn white-tailed deer. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40994-9"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (2017). Bluetongue: Control, surveillance and safe movement of animals. EFSA J., 15, e04698.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4698"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayo, C., McDermott, E., Kopanke, J., Stenglein, M., Lee, J., Mathiason, C., Carpenter, M., Reed, K., and Perkins, T.A. (2020). Ecological dynamics impacting bluetongue virus transmission in North America. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00186"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020614","article-title":"Bionomics of temperate and tropical Culicoides midges: Knowledge gaps and consequences for transmission of Culicoides-borne viruses","volume":"60","author":"Purse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.01.005","article-title":"Vector-borne disease surveillance in livestock populations: A critical review of literature recommendations and implemented surveillance (BTV-8) in five European countries","volume":"125","author":"Elbers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010007","article-title":"Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other orbivirus diseases","volume":"41","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/1\/20\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:00:40Z","timestamp":1760115640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/1\/20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"references-count":214,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v17010020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17010020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]}}}