{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:17:52Z","timestamp":1790619472778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Coalition for Epi Response Engagement &amp; Science (CERES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2010-ST061-AG0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010-ST061-AG0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Coalition for Epi Response Engagement &amp; Science (CERES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM130448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM130448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NBAF Transition Funds from the State of Kansas","award":["2010-ST061-AG0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010-ST061-AG0001"]}]},{"name":"NBAF Transition Funds from the State of Kansas","award":["P20GM130448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM130448"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"MCB Cores of the Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (CEZID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2010-ST061-AG0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010-ST061-AG0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"MCB Cores of the Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (CEZID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM130448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM130448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne pathogen endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula which causes Rift Valley fever in ruminant livestock and humans. Co-infection with divergent viral strains can produce reassortment among the L, S, and M segments of the RVFV genome. Reassortment events can produce novel genotypes with altered virulence, transmission dynamics, and\/or mosquito host range. This can have severe implications in areas where RVFV is endemic and convolutes our ability to anticipate transmission and circulation in novel geographic regions. Previously, we evaluated the frequency of RVFV reassortment in a susceptible ruminant host and observed low rates of reassortment (0\u20131.7%). Here, we tested the hypothesis that reassortment occurs predominantly in the mosquito using a highly permissive vector, Culex tarsalis. Cells derived from Cx. tarsalis or adult mosquitoes were co-infected with either two virulent (Kenya-128B-15 and SA01-1322) or a virulent and attenuated (Kenya-128B-15 and MP-12) strain of RVFV. Our results showed approximately 2% of virus genotypes isolated from co-infected Cx. tarsalis-derived cells were reassortant. Co-infected mosquitoes infected via infectious bloodmeal resulted in a higher percentage of reassortant virus (2\u201360%) isolated from midgut and salivary tissues at 14 days post-infection. The percentage of reassortant genotypes isolated from the midguts of mosquitoes co-infected with Kenya-128B-15 and SA01-1322 was similar to that of mosquitoes co-infected with Kenya-128B-15 and MP-12- strains (60 vs. 47%). However, only 2% of virus isolated from the salivary glands of Kenya-128B-15 and SA01-1322 co-infected mosquitoes represented reassortant genotypes. This was contrasted by 54% reassortment in the salivary glands of mosquitoes co-infected with Kenya-128B-15 and MP-12 strains. Furthermore, we observed preferential inclusion of genomic segments from the three parental strains among the reassorted viruses. Replication curves of select reassorted genotypes were significantly higher in Vero cells but not in Culex\u2014derived cells. These data imply that mosquitoes play a crucial role in the reassortment of RVFV and potentially contribute to driving evolution of the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T09:49:17Z","timestamp":1736761757000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Co-Infection of Culex tarsalis Mosquitoes with Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Strains Results in Efficient Viral Reassortment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma K.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1671-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velmurugan","family":"Balaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy C.","family":"Keating","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chester","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Brian","family":"Kimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"De La Mota-Peynado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Borland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7877-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juergen A.","family":"Richt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah C.","family":"Kading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7195-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha N.","family":"Gaudreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0009","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever\u2014A Growing Threat To Humans and Animals","volume":"65","author":"Rola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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