{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:10:49Z","timestamp":1790266249363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["NU21-05-00143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-05-00143"]}]},{"name":"MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["GR-2021-12374932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374932"]}]},{"name":"MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["NU21-05-00143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-05-00143"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["GR-2021-12374932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374932"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["NU21-05-00143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-05-00143"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["GR-2021-12374932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374932"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]},{"name":"European Virus Archive-GLOBAL","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"European Virus Archive-GLOBAL","award":["NU21-05-00143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-05-00143"]}]},{"name":"European Virus Archive-GLOBAL","award":["GR-2021-12374932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374932"]}]},{"name":"European Virus Archive-GLOBAL","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","award":["NU21-05-00143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU21-05-00143"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","award":["GR-2021-12374932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374932"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV-Eur; species Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, family Flaviviridae) was the only tick-borne flavivirus present in central Europe known to cause neurologic disease in humans and several animal species. Here, we report a tick-borne flavivirus isolated from Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) with encephalitis and attached ticks, present over a wide area in the Alps. Cases were detected in 2017 in Salzburg, Austria, and 2023 in Lombardy and Piedmont, Italy. The virus strains exhibit 94.8\u201397.3% nucleotide identities to each other and are more closely related to Louping ill viruses (LIV; Orthoflavivirus loupingi; 90\u201392% identities) than to TBEV-Eur (less than 88%). The chamois-derived virus strains, tentatively termed \u201cAlpine chamois encephalitis virus\u201d, form a well-supported independent genetic clade with Spanish goat encephalitis virus, clearly separated from other LIV. This supports its designation as a new virus subtype with the proposed shared taxonomic name \u201cSpanish goat and Alpine chamois encephalitis virus subtype\u201d within the species Orthoflavivirus loupingi. The zoonotic potential of this newly identified virus subtype as well as its host range in other animal species including farm animals needs to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:27:54Z","timestamp":1737030474000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neurotropic Tick-Borne Flavivirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra), Austria, 2017, Italy, 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pathobiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1296-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Mandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta (IZSPLV), 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Monne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Bag\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Disease Control M\u00f6dling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), 2340 M\u00f6dling, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1474-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Nogarol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta (IZSPLV), 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8320-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Dimmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pathobiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta (IZSPLV), 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3018-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Guardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta (IZSPLV), 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kolodziejek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pathobiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0666-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Stanclova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Disease Control M\u00f6dling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), 2340 M\u00f6dling, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi","family":"Steinrigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Veterinary Disease Control M\u00f6dling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Ltd. (AGES), 2340 M\u00f6dling, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9230-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practice, Reitsam, 5450 Werfen, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bertasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Bertoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-2556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Calzolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7490-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Prati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8749-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Salomoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8044-6820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Priore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Gobbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Garcia-Vozmediano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta (IZSPLV), 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Loney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Abou Tayoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alawi","family":"Alsheikh-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"De Benedictis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy V.","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zdenek","family":"Hubalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5775-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Lelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Dr. Hans (Johann) Schneider\u2014Medical officer and first describer of tick born encephlitis (TBE)","volume":"65","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wehrmed. Montasschrift."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"350","article-title":"\u00dcber epidemische akute \u201cMeningitis serosa\u201d","volume":"44","author":"Schneider","year":"1931","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102314","article-title":"A brief tale of two pioneering moments: Europe\u2019s first discovery of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus beyond the Soviet Union and the largest alimentary TBE outbreak in history","volume":"15","author":"Ruzek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"224","article-title":"Laboratory infection with encephalitis virus","volume":"88","author":"Gallia","year":"1949","journal-title":"Cas. Lek. Cesk"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"132","article-title":"Epidemic of viral meningoencephalitis cases in Vy\u0161kov region","volume":"4","year":"1949","journal-title":"L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 Listy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hub\u00e1lek, Z. (2021). History of Arbovirus Research in the Czech Republic. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112334"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.014","article-title":"Reconsidering the classification of tick-borne encephalitis virus within the Siberian subtype gives new insights into its evolutionary history","volume":"55","author":"Kovalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0081-6","article-title":"A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2910-1","article-title":"Tick-borne viruses in Europe","volume":"111","author":"Rudolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2200543","article-title":"Spatiotemporal spread of tick-borne encephalitis in the EU\/EEA, 2012 to 2020","volume":"28","author":"Haussig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, N., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Dobler, G., Kiewra, D., Czu\u0142owska, A., Obiegala, A., Zajkowska, J., Juretzek, T., and Pfeffer, M. (2024). Identification of New Microfoci and Genetic Characterization of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Isolates from Eastern Germany and Western Poland. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040637"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101579","article-title":"Operational TBE incidence forecasts for Austria, Germany, and Switzerland 2019\u20132021","volume":"12","author":"Rubel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300121","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.42.2300121","article-title":"Ecological and environmental factors affecting the risk of tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2017 to 2021","volume":"28","author":"Dagostin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saegerman, C., Humblet, M.F., Leandri, M., Gonzalez, G., Heyman, P., Sprong, H., L\u2019Hostis, M., Moutailler, S., Bonnet, S.I., and Haddad, N. (2023). First Expert Elicitation of Knowledge on Possible Drivers of Observed Increasing Human Cases of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Europe. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030791"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002108","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.35.2002108","article-title":"The regional decline and rise of tick-borne encephalitis incidence do not correlate with Lyme borreliosis, Austria, 2005 to 2018","volume":"26","author":"Stiasny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.220552","article-title":"Continued Circulation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Variants and Detection of Novel Transmission Foci, the Netherlands","volume":"28","author":"Esser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090743","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria","volume":"15","author":"Holzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.204324","article-title":"Burden of Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Sweden","volume":"28","author":"Slunge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barp, N., Cappi, C., Meschiari, M., Battistel, M., Libbra, M.V., Ferri, M.A., Ballestri, S., Gallerani, A., Ferrari, F., and Meacci, M. (2022). First Human Case of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Non-Endemic Region in Italy: A Case Report. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080854"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3002.231016","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy","volume":"30","author":"Gaffuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800172-1.00005-7","article-title":"Arboviruses pathogenic for domestic and wild animals","volume":"89","author":"Rudolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102028","article-title":"Systematic review on the non-vectorial transmission of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEv)","volume":"13","author":"Martello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Heus, P., Kolodziejek, J., Hubalek, Z., Dimmel, K., Racher, V., Nowotny, N., and Cavalleri, J.V. (2021). West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091873"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-59","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs\u2014Is this an issue?","volume":"4","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.121450","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in horses, Austria, 2011","volume":"19","author":"Rushton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Heus, P., Bag\u00f3, Z., Weidinger, P., Lale, D., Trachsel, D.S., Revilla-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Matiasek, K., and Nowotny, N. (2023). Severe Neurologic Disease in a Horse Caused by Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, Austria, 2021. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102022"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salat, J., Hunady, M., Schanilec, P., Strakova, P., Stefanik, M., Svoboda, P., Strelcova, L., Bojcukova, J., Palus, M., and R\u016f\u017eek, D. (2021). Experimental and Natural Infections of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Dogs. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102039"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050811","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in dogs: Neuropathological findings and distribution of antigen","volume":"95","author":"Suchy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.7.218","article-title":"Tickborne encephalitis in a mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon)","volume":"150","author":"Bauder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Rold, G., Obber, F., Monne, I., Milani, A., Ravagnan, S., Toniolo, F., Sgubin, S., Zamperin, G., Foiani, G., and Vascellari, M. (2022). Clinical Tick-Borne Encephalitis in a Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202201.0462.v1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, L., Drigo, M., Zelena, H., Pasotto, D., Cassini, R., Mondin, A., Franzo, G., Tucciarone, C.M., Ossola, M., and Vidorin, E. (2023). Wild ungulates as sentinels of flaviviruses and tick-borne zoonotic pathogen circulation: An Italian perspective. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03717-x"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2470","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2470","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis: A comprehensive review of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture","volume":"33","author":"Chiffi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohlmaier, B., Schweintzger, N.A., Sagmeister, M.G., \u0160vendov\u00e1, V., Kohlf\u00fcrst, D.S., Sonnleitner, A., Leitner, M., Berghold, A., Schmiedberger, E., and Fazekas, F. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): A European Multicentre Study from 2010 to 2017. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071420"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.014","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines in Europe","volume":"41","author":"Angulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02240-1","article-title":"Development of a highly purified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: A personal historical account","volume":"136","author":"Heinz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lovari, S. (1985). Correct age determination in chamois. The Biology and Management of Mountain Ungulates, Croom Helm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-58","article-title":"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000096","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel tick-borne flavivirus subtype in goats (Capra hircus) in Spain","volume":"96","author":"Mansfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.02.013","article-title":"Ixodoidea of the Western Palaearctic: A review of available literature for identification of species","volume":"8","author":"Pfaffle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00168-3","article-title":"Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA","volume":"27","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giaa111","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa111","article-title":"IDseq-An open source cloud-based pipeline and analysis service for metagenomic pathogen detection and monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Kalantar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1922-1927.2001","article-title":"Comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the NS5 gene sequences","volume":"39","author":"Scaramozzino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W232","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W320","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku316","article-title":"Deciphering key features in protein structures with the new ENDscript server","volume":"42","author":"Robert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90081-0","article-title":"The virus causing encephalomyelitis in sheep in Spain: A new member of the tick-borne encephalitis group","volume":"58","author":"Marin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menzano, A., Tizzani, P., Farber, M.D., Garcia-Vozmediano, A., Martinelli, L., Rossi, L., and Tomassone, L. (2024). Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks from Vegetation and Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex) in the Maritime Alps, Italy. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152251"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2024011","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from the wild mountain ungulates mouflon and chamois in 4 regions of France","volume":"31","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veac051","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac051","article-title":"Evolutionary traits of Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Pervasive non-coding RNA structure conservation and molecular epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Kutschera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balseiro, A., Perez-Martinez, C., Dagleish, M.P., Royo, L.J., Polledo, L., and Garc\u00eda Mar\u00edn, J.F. (2022). Goats Naturally Infected with the Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus (SGEV): Pathological Features and An Outbreak. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010072"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.120220","article-title":"Louping ill in goats, Spain, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Balseiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.062356-0","article-title":"Louping ill virus: An endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain","volume":"95","author":"Jeffries","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.1.12","article-title":"A disease resembling louping-ill in sheep in the Basque region of Spain","volume":"121","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.03.003","article-title":"Lambs are Susceptible to Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus","volume":"156","author":"Salinas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.03.004","article-title":"Vaccination against Louping Ill Virus Protects Goats from Experimental Challenge with Spanish Goat Encephalitis Virus","volume":"156","author":"Salinas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac075","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Vaccinated Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study and Analysis of Vaccination Field Effectiveness in Austria from 2000 to 2018","volume":"227","author":"Santonja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/1\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:30:12Z","timestamp":1759919412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/1\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v17010122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17010122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]}}}