{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:21:34Z","timestamp":1789960894748,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores Mpox transmission dynamics using a mathematical and data-driven epidemiological model that incorporates two viral strains, Clade I and Clade II. The model includes transmission pathways between humans and mammals and divides the human population into susceptible, exposed, infectious, hospitalized, and recovered groups. Weekly data from the WHO for Spain, Italy, Nigeria, and the DRC from 2022 to 2024 are used for model validation via non-linear least-squares fitting, with model performance assessed by Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). We conduct time-series analysis to detect trends and anomalies in Mpox cases, with scenario simulations examining strain-specific transmission and the basic reproduction number (R0). The mathematical model fit is compared with two statistical model fits to emphasize the importance of developing a model that incorporates Mpox strain. Mathematical analysis confirms the model\u2019s key properties, including positivity, boundedness, and equilibrium stability. Results underscore the importance of strain-specific dynamics and varying infection proportions for R0. This study combines mathematical rigor with empirical data to provide valuable insights into Mpox transmission and offers a framework for understanding multi-strain pathogens in diverse populations. Results from the simulation indicate that an increase in the effective contact rate leads to the dominance of the prevalent Mpox Clades in each country. Based on these findings, we recommend the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing the effective contact rate to control the spread of the virus strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T09:01:13Z","timestamp":1737622873000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Investigating Mpox Strain Dynamics Using Computational and Data-Driven Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6473-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah Oke","family":"Idisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure PMB 704, Ondo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayode","family":"Oshinubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black in Mathematics Association (BMA), Pretoria 0001-0039, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vigbe Benson","family":"Sewanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri 460281, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9200-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhtar Muhammed","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1081-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwafemi Samson","family":"Olagbami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Applied Mathematical Modelling and Data Analytics, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti 371104, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti 371104, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Olaronke","family":"Edogbanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University Lokoja, Lokoja PMB 1154, Kogi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 02). 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