{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:43:58Z","timestamp":1759970638940,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Humanidades y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONAHCYT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-2017-01-5254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-2017-01-5254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa de Fortalecimiento de Institutos, Centros y Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n 2021, Universidad de Guadalajara","award":["PN-2017-01-5254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-2017-01-5254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is susceptible to resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in the NS3, NS5A, and NS5B nonstructural genes, key targets of the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of RASs across different HCV subtypes in Mexico. A Genbank dataset of 566 HCV sequences was analyzed. Most sequences were from Mexico City (49.1%, 278\/566) and Jalisco (39.4%, 223\/566). The NS5B region was the most sequenced (59.7%, 338\/566). The most frequent HCV subtypes were 1a (44.0%, 249\/566), 1b (28.6%, 162\/566), 2b (9.5%, 54\/566), and 3a (6.2%, 35\/566). Subtypes 1a (57.4%, 128\/223) and 3a (12.6%, 28\/223) were significantly higher in Jalisco than in Mexico City (34.2%, 95\/278 and 2.5%, 7\/278), whereas subtype 1b was higher in Mexico City (34.5%, 96\/278 vs. 14.8%, 33\/223). Subtype 1a increased from 2019 to 2024, representing 49.4% (123\/249) of all reported cases. RASs were detected in NS3 (6.7%, 1\/15), NS5A (2.9%, 3\/102), and NS5B (0.3%, 1\/349), with the most frequent mutations being Q80K, Y93H, and S282T, respectively, and detected in subtypes 1b (n = 3), 1a (n = 1), and 2a (n = 1). In conclusion, Mexico\u2019s HCV sequencing-based surveillance is limited. Subtype 1a predominated, but frequencies varied across states. The prevalence of RASs varied by gene from 0.3% to 6.7%. Establishing regional sequencing centers for NS3, NS5A, and NS5B is crucial to monitoring Mexico\u2019s DAA-resistant mutations and HCV subtype genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hepatitis C Virus Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Jose-Abrego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Laguna-Meraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5453-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene M.","family":"Mariscal-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Doctoral Program Molecular Biology in Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Panduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 19). 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