{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1778016586925,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology of Universidad del Vall"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To identify measures that mitigate the impact of influenza in Latin America and the Caribbean, we compared the burden and detection capacity in humans and animals after the 2009 pandemic. The incidence rate in people was higher in Chile (23.72 per 100,000 people), but the impact was greater for Guatemala (503.78 disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 people). Brazil, Peru, Argentina, and Mexico built better medical testing, with typing being less frequent in Chile and Argentina, where costs for medical care were higher. The positivity rate among avian and nonhuman mammals was 5.8%, with more cases in Mexico, but constant testing in Chile. H5N1, H5N2, and H7N6 are deadly to poultry, whereas H1N1 is common in swine, and H3N8 in equines. By June 2023, H5N1 had caused severe influenza in two persons and killed millions of birds and hundreds of mammals with aquatic lifestyles. An analysis of the efforts in response to this outbreak revealed that handling of outbreaks in animals needs homogeneity and reinforcement of vaccination. Surveillance in exposed individuals requires articulation of medical and animal health authorities, and the region also demands decentralized typing and networks for genomic characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1738728941000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Disparities in Influenza Control and Surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Hoyos-Cer\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Health, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00 Ed. 120, Cali 760043, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Froyl\u00e1n","family":"Albarr\u00e1n-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Salle Baj\u00edo, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, Leon 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Ba\u00f1uelos-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la Salle Baj\u00edo, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, Leon 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Aurora","family":"Londo\u00f1o-Avenda\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Health, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00 Ed. 120, Cali 760043, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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