{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:43:28Z","timestamp":1793382208654,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFC2305900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2305900"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2024YFC2310000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2310000"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC2305100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305100"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC2302700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2302700"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["U22A20363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20363"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023QNTJ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNTJ-03"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFC2305900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2305900"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024YFC2310000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2310000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC2305100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC2302700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2302700"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20363"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023QNTJ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNTJ-03"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2023YFC2305900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2305900"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2024YFC2310000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2310000"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFC2305100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305100"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFC2302700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2302700"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["U22A20363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20363"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2023QNTJ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNTJ-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arboviruses pose significant public health challenges globally, particularly in Pakistan, where deforestation, climate change, urbanization, inadequate sanitation, and natural disasters have all contributed to the spread of mosquito-borne flavivirus diseases like dengue fever. The lack of a thorough national surveillance system has made it difficult to determine the extent and distribution of these diseases. Concern has been raised by recent outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) epidemics, which may lead to Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in the future. Additionally, hospital-based surveillance has detected the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the region. Evidence also points to the presence of additional arboviruses in healthy populations, such as the Karshi virus (KSV), Tamdy virus (TAMV), Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). This review aims to address the risk factors linked to these diseases, provide specific policy recommendations for efficient disease prevention and control, and describe the epidemiological trends of these diseases in Pakistan while emphasizing the critical need for improved surveillance and thorough epidemiological investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1738918962000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1454-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ammar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Moaaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Sub-Campus), Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxiong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0013-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety and National Virus Resource Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6465","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27241","article-title":"Arboviral diseases and COVID-19 coincidence: Challenges for Pakistan\u2019s derelict healthcare system","volume":"93","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103549","article-title":"The rising toll of dengue cases in Pakistan every year: An incipient crisis","volume":"76","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26668","article-title":"COVID-19 and arboviral diseases: Another challenge for Pakistan\u2019s dilapidated healthcare system","volume":"93","author":"Awan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2602.171636","article-title":"Emergence of Chikungunya Virus, Pakistan, 2016\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"Badar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13488","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan","volume":"67","author":"Kasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"100319","article-title":"Is the bell ringing for another outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan?","volume":"4","author":"Waris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Heal. Pr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191154","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Humans and Livestock, Pakistan, 2015\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordecai, E.A., Cohen, J.M., Evans, M.V., Gudapati, P., Johnson, L.R., Lippi, C.A., Miazgowicz, K., Murdock, C.C., Rohr, J.R., and Ryan, S.J. (2017). Detecting the impact of temperature on transmission of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya using mechanistic models. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005568"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.09.006","article-title":"A review of dengue as an emerging disease in Pakistan","volume":"127","author":"Rasheed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i2.82","article-title":"Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30191-3","article-title":"Outbreaks of chikungunya in Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Aamir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.4.689","article-title":"Yellowfever mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) introduced into Landi Kotal, Pakistan, by tire importation","volume":"33","author":"Suleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, M., Saleemi, M.K., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Zhou, D., Li, Y., Zhao, Z., Zheng, B., Li, Q., and Cao, S. (2019). Decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-Chloromethylketone: An Antiviral Compound That Acts against Flaviviruses through the Inhibition of Furin-Mediated prM Cleavage. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111011"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2001.tb00028.x","article-title":"Infectious diseases of refugees and immigrants: Dengue fever","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, J., Khan, I., and Amin, I. (2016). A Comprehensive Entomological, Serological and Molecular Study of 2013 Dengue Outbreak of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147416"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsudin, N.A., Othman, H., Siau, C.S., and Zaini, Z.-I.I. (2024). Exploring community needs in combating aedes mosquitoes and dengue fever: A study with urban community in the recurrent hotspot area. BMC Public. Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18965-1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-021-00034-4","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of mosquito-borne viral diseases in Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Imran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, J., Khan, I., Ghaffar, A., and Khalid, B. (2018). Epidemiological trends and risk factors associated with dengue disease in Pakistan (1980\u20132014): A systematic literature search and analysis. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5676-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-024-00221-4","article-title":"Demographic and clinical features of dengue fever infection in Pakistan: A cross-sectional epidemiological study","volume":"10","author":"Zohra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.07.008","article-title":"Screening for arboviruses in healthy blood donors: Experience from Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000418","article-title":"Year-round dengue fever in Pakistan, highlighting the surge amidst ongoing flood havoc and the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive review","volume":"85","author":"Tabassum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 30). Dengue-Global Situation. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON518."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulsalam, F.I., Antunez, P., Yimthiang, S., and Jawjit, W. (2022). Influence of climate variables on dengue fever occurrence in the southern region of Thailand. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000188"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladner, J., Rodrigues, M., Davis, B., Besson, M.-H., Audureau, E., and Saba, J. (2017). Societal impact of dengue outbreaks: Stakeholder perceptions and related implications. A qualitative study in Brazil, 2015. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005366"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02284-0","article-title":"Dengue epidemic: Pakistan on alert","volume":"404","author":"Aftab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2024, March 21). Dengue\u2014Pakistan, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhsrc.gov.pk\/LatestNews."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.269985","article-title":"Integrated disease management: Arboviral infections and waterborne diarrhoea","volume":"99","author":"Overgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100087","article-title":"Advancing knowledge of One Health in China: Lessons for One Health from China\u2019s dengue control and prevention programs","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. One Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H.Z., Sui, Y., Lobo, N.F., Fouque, F., Gao, C., Lu, S., Lv, S., Deng, S.Q., and Wang, D.Q. (2023). Challenge and opportunity for vector control strategies on key mosquito-borne diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207293"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30074-9","article-title":"Outbreak of chikungunya in Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Rauf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, K.L., Khan, E., Farooqi, J.Q., Imtiaz, K., Prakoso, D., Malik, F., Lednicky, J.A., and Long, M.T. (2018). Evidence of Chikungunya Virus Disease in Pakistan Since 2015 With Patients Demonstrating Involvement of the Central Nervous System. Front. Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00186"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khongwichit, S., Chansaenroj, J., Chirathaworn, C., and Poovorawan, Y. (2021). Chikungunya virus infection: Molecular biology, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology in Asian countries. J. Biomed. Sci., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00778-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqtadar, S., Akram, J., and Khan, A. (2024). The Urgent Need for Dengue Vaccination: Combating an Escalating Public Health Crisis in Pakistan. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12080913"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badar, N., Salman, M., Ansari, J., Ikram, A., Qazi, J., and Alam, M.M. (2019). Epidemiological trend of chikungunya outbreak in Pakistan: 2016\u20132018. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007118"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S709","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa500","article-title":"Multisectoral Approach to Address Chikungunya Outbreaks Driven by Human Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"222","author":"Fouque","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00f4rtes, N., Lira, A., Prates-Syed, W., Dinis Silva, J., Vuitika, L., Cabral-Miranda, W., Dur\u00e3es-Carvalho, R., Balan, A., Cabral-Marques, O., and Cabral-Miranda, G. (2023). Integrated control strategies for dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya virus infections. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1281667"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-022-00789-y","article-title":"Chikungunya: An Emerging Public Health Concern","volume":"24","author":"Mourad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2023.100061","article-title":"Modern technologies and solutions to enhance surveillance and response systems for emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. One Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0017-2016","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus: Current Perspectives on a Reemerging Virus","volume":"4","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84417","article-title":"Chikungunya virus: Epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies","volume":"127","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"271","article-title":"Role of arthropod borne viruses in human diseases in Rawalpindi and Peshawar area. II. Isolation of West Nile virus from human blood and culicine mosquitoes in Rawalpindi area","volume":"5","author":"Burney","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90130-4","article-title":"West Nile virus in Pakistan. 1. Sero-epidemiological studies in Punjab Province","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_642_19","article-title":"Global emergence of West Nile virus: Threat & preparedness in special perspective to India","volume":"154","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, E., Barr, K.L., Farooqi, J.Q., Prakoso, D., Abbas, A., Khan, Z.Y., Ashi, S., Imtiaz, K., Aziz, Z., and Malik, F. (2018). Human West Nile Virus Disease Outbreak in Pakistan, 2015\u20132016. Front. Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01207-2","article-title":"Impact of climate change on the global circulation of West Nile virus and adaptation responses: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.22271\/23487941.2023.v10.i5b.704","article-title":"Biological control of the mosquito: An analysis of the impediments and possibilities","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mosq. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"L29","article-title":"Role of Health Awareness Campaigns in Improving Public Health:A Systematic Review: Life Sciences-Public Health","volume":"12","author":"Bugshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437244","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2437244","article-title":"West Nile Virus in a Changing Climate: Epidemiology, pathology, advances in diagnosis and treatment, vaccine designing and control strategies, emerging public health challenges\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, T., Rais, A., Khan, E., Hills, S.L., Chambers, T.V., Hotwani, A., Qureshi, S., Shafquat, S., Malik, S., and Qamar, F. (2020). Investigation of Japanese encephalitis virus as a cause of acute encephalitis in southern Pakistan, April 2015-January 2018. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234584"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00338-z","article-title":"The future of Japanese encephalitis vaccination: Expert recommendations for achieving and maintaining optimal JE control","volume":"6","author":"Vannice","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890260304","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of infection with West Nile virus in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1983 and 1985","volume":"26","author":"Sugamata","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67665-9","article-title":"Guillain-barre syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.06.019","article-title":"Zika: As an emergent epidemic","volume":"9","author":"Wahid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e913","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30246-7","article-title":"Zika virus in Pakistan: The tip of the iceberg?","volume":"4","author":"Butt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0426-3","article-title":"Threats of Zika virus transmission for Asia and its Hindu-Kush Himalayan region","volume":"7","author":"Dhimal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90106-2","article-title":"A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan","volume":"77","author":"Darwish","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190611","article-title":"Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan","volume":"26","author":"Zohaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00610-1","article-title":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: Emerging novel phlebovirus and their control strategy","volume":"53","author":"Casel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s44231-023-00035-6","article-title":"Research Progress of Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00257-5","article-title":"Baseline mapping of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development","volume":"5","author":"Bopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1633875","article-title":"Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection: Considerations for vaccine evaluation of a rare disease","volume":"15","author":"Maslow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3014.240163","article-title":"Comprehensive Surveillance of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness, Wild Rodents, and Trombiculid Larval Mites, Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Linsuwanon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.002","article-title":"Community-based comprehensive measures to prevent severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, China","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.132","article-title":"Advancements in the Worldwide Detection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection from 2009 to 2023","volume":"5","author":"Ai","year":"2023","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imj.2021.10.001","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and treatment of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.941","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976","volume":"29","author":"Burney","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.M., Khurshid, A., Sharif, S., Shaukat, S., Rana, M.S., Angez, M., and Zaidi, S.S. (2013). Genetic analysis and epidemiology of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever viruses in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-201"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2019.06.563","article-title":"Scoping Review of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Literature and Implications of Future Research","volume":"29","author":"Wahid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.07.023","article-title":"Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever: A first case from Abbottabad, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Saleem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104379","article-title":"The possibility of the emergence of Crimean-Congo virus cases during Eid ul Adha: A troubling situation during a blessed festival","volume":"81","author":"Sahito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28604","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28604","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulating in Pakistan during 2022","volume":"95","author":"Umair","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umair, M., Haider, S.A., Ali, Q., Hakim, R., Raisani, M.A., Ayub, A., and Salman, M. (medRxiv, 2023). Genomic characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus detected during nosocomial outbreak (2023) in Balochistan province of Pakistan, medRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.28.23299125"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Field Epidemiology & Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad (2024, May 30). FELTP Pakistan Weekly Epidemiological Report, August 15\u201321, 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.nih.org.pk\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1055","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1055","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Pakistan, 2022: A warning bell amidst unprecedented floods and COVID 19 pandemic","volume":"6","author":"Tabassum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70053","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70053","article-title":"Control strategies for emerging infectious diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever management","volume":"7","author":"Srivastava","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00970-5","article-title":"Interventions for the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and tick vectors","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorvillo, T.E., Rodriguez, S.E., Hudson, P., Carey, M., Rodriguez, L.L., Spiropoulou, C.F., Bird, B.H., Spengler, J.R., and Bente, D.A. (2020). Towards a Sustainable One Health Approach to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention: Focus Areas and Gaps in Knowledge. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030113"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"Cd011621","article-title":"Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff","volume":"4","author":"Verbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.230810","article-title":"Looking Beyond the Lens of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Africa","volume":"30","author":"Okesanya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa079","article-title":"Barriers to Effective Tick Management and Tick-Bite Prevention in the United States (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"58","author":"Eisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e43315","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: An Emerging Viral Infection in India, Revisited and Lessons Learned","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.011","article-title":"Arboviruses: A global public health threat","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23414","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a high-prevalence suburban community, southeast of Iran","volume":"10","author":"Nejati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2712.203532","article-title":"Evidence of human exposure to Tamdy virus, Northwest China","volume":"27","author":"Moming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.04.001","article-title":"Risk of infection with arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan based on seroprevalence","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Defaye, B., Moutailler, S., Pasqualini, V., and Quilichini, Y. (2022). Distribution of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals and Their Ticks in the Countries of the Mediterranean Basin between 2000 and 2021: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061236"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100903","article-title":"Tick-borne viruses: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and animal models","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"69","article-title":"Chikungunya fever among children presenting with nonspecific febrile illness during an epidemic of dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Afzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Merit Res. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.11.018","article-title":"Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023","volume":"10","author":"Atwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"252","article-title":"Chikungunya virus; an emerging arbovirus in Pakistan","volume":"68","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13059","article-title":"Epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens in the semi-arid and the arid agro-ecological zones of Punjab province, Pakistan","volume":"66","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J. (2024). One Health Ethics and the Ethics of Zoonoses: A Silent Call for Global Action. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.0817.v1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300121","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.42.2300121","article-title":"Ecological and environmental factors affecting the risk of tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2017 to 2021","volume":"28","author":"Dagostin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolimenakis, A., Heinz, S., Wilson, M.L., Winkler, V., Yakob, L., Michaelakis, A., Papachristos, D., Richardson, C., and Horstick, O. (2021). The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit\u2014A systematic review. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009631"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.06.001","article-title":"Expanding Integrated Vector Management to promote healthy environments","volume":"30","author":"Lizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170544","article-title":"Zoonotic Disease Programs for Enhancing Global Health Security","volume":"23","author":"Belay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasmeen, N., Jabbar, A., Shah, T., Fang, L.-X., Aslam, B., Naseeb, I., Shakeel, F., Ahmad, H.I., Baloch, Z., and Liu, Y. (2022). One Health Paradigm to Confront Zoonotic Health Threats: A Pakistan Prospective. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719334"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/2\/232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:28:52Z","timestamp":1760027332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/2\/232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v17020232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17020232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]}}}