{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:15:30Z","timestamp":1787030130687,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R21 DE029733-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DE029733-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the domestic cat analogue of HIV infection in humans. Both viruses induce oral disease in untreated individuals, with clinical signs that include gingivitis and periodontal lesions. Oral disease manifestations in HIV patients are abated by highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), though certain oral manifestations persist despite therapy. Microorganisms associated with oral cavity opportunistic infections in patients with HIV cause similar pathologies in cats. To further develop this model, we evaluated characteristics of feline oral health and the oral microbiome during experimental FIV infection over an 8-month period following cART. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we evaluated gingival bacterial communities at four timepoints in uninfected and FIV-infected cats treated with either cART or placebo. Comprehensive oral examinations were also conducted by a veterinary dental specialist over the experimental period. Gingival inflammation was higher in FIV-infected cats treated with placebo compared to cART-treated cats and the controls at the study endpoint. Oral microbiome alpha diversity increased in all groups, while beta diversity differed among treatment groups, documenting a significant effect of cART therapy on microbiome community composition. This finding has not previously been reported, and indicates cART ameliorates immunodeficiency virus-associated oral disease via the preservation of oral mucosal microbiota. Further, this study illustrates the value of the FIV animal model for investigations of mechanistic associations and therapeutic interventions for HIV\u2019s oral manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T10:36:58Z","timestamp":1739443018000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Oral Microbiome and Periodontal Health of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8609-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bashor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Rawlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8708-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Cierzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8272-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid","family":"Abdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"VandeWoude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, C., Abdo, Z., Ericsson, A., Elder, J., and VandeWoude, S. 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