{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:06:54Z","timestamp":1776276414433,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Brazilian public agencies FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/10264-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/10264-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Brazilian public agencies FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["423401\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423401\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Brazilian public agencies FAPESP (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["830626\/1999-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["830626\/1999-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico)","award":["2017\/10264-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/10264-6"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico)","award":["423401\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423401\/2018-1"]}]},{"name":"CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico)","award":["830626\/1999-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["830626\/1999-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is scarce information on Varicella\u2013Zoster virus genetic variability in individuals with acute central nervous system infection in Brazil. The objective of this study was the molecular characterization of Varicella\u2013Zoster virus isolates in cerebrospinal fluid from individuals with acute central nervous system infection. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from individuals evaluated in emergency and community healthcare services in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Varicella\u2013Zoster virus identification was performed using commercial platforms Biofire-FilmArray Meningitis\/Encephalitis (BioM\u00e9rieux, Craponne, France) and XGEN-UMLTI-N9\u00ae (Mobius Life, Pinhais, Brazil). Positive samples were further characterized as wild-type or vaccine-strain by a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay that targeted a single nucleotide polymorphism in open reading frame 62. We also estimated the mean genetic distance and phylogenetic reconstruction based on open reading frames 22, 38, 54, and 62 in relation to sequences of intercontinentally circulating Varicella\u2013Zoster virus isolates. Results: Among the 600 cerebrospinal fluid samples, we identified Varicella\u2013Zoster virus in 30 (5%) samples. None were positive for the vaccine-strain. Twelve samples were sequenced and phylogenetically classified into Clades 1 (41.7%), 2 (25%), 3 (8.3%), 5 (16.7%), or 6 (8%). Conclusion: Enhanced characterization of circulating Varicella\u2013Zoster virus Clades in Brazil identified previously unreported Clades 2 and 6 as well as three other Clades disseminated intercontinentally. These findings reinforce the importance of Varicella\u2013Zoster virus molecular surveillance in cerebrospinal fluid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17020286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1739954206000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phylogenetic Analysis of Varicella\u2013Zoster Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Individuals with Acute Central Nervous System Infection: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Heuder G. O.","family":"Pai\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f4nio C.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noely E.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layla","family":"Honorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca M. dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Cuidados Paliativos do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, R. Cotox\u00f3, 1142, S\u00e3o Paulo 05021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria L. M.","family":"de Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul, R. Santo Ant\u00f4nio, 50, S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6058-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan B.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Senne Liquor, Av. Ang\u00e9lica, 2071, S\u00e3o Paulo 01239-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Senne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Senne Liquor, Av. Ang\u00e9lica, 2071, S\u00e3o Paulo 01239-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda de O.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa S.","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven S.","family":"Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia R.","family":"Tozetto-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr En\u00e9as de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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