{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:58:26Z","timestamp":1785869906209,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2020-06116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-06116"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["2023-02720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-02720"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["FORSS-995130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORSS-995130"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies on human respiratory viral infections and pathogenesis have historically been conducted using immortalized cells and animal models. However, these models are limited in their ability to recapitulate the complex structure of the human airway or the full spectrum of disease symptoms observed in humans. Recently, nose and lung organoids have revolutionized culture complexity in infection biology and have demonstrated potential for research on respiratory virus infections in humans. In this opinion, we review how advances in human nose and lung organoid models, which are able to express all cell types of the respiratory epithelia, i.e., Club, basal, goblet, and ciliated cells, have provided novel insight into the pathogenesis, age-dependent susceptibility, viral attenuation signature, and immune mechanisms of respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. The models have also demonstrated potential for studying hitherto uncultivable human viruses and to be useful for studies of zoonotic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1740729954000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent Advances in Nose and Lung Organoid Models for Respiratory Viral Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lennart","family":"Svensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5349-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lundkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Hagbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22975","article-title":"Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals","volume":"546","author":"Olival","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6822","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806308115","article-title":"Differentiated human airway organoids to assess infectivity of emerging influenza virus","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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