{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:56:04Z","timestamp":1785495364017,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is highly infectious and can lead to serious neurological complications. This study proposed to evaluate the seroprevalence of EV71 in children of two states of western India by estimating neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to EV71 genotypes D, G, and C isolated in India, using micro-neutralization assay. Among the serum samples of 612 children tested, 213 (34.80%, 95% CI: 31.00\u201338.73) and 312 (51.00%, 95% CI: 47.00\u201355.00) were positive for nAbs to EV71 BrCr and indigenous genotype D, respectively, with a significant rise with age for genotype D. However, compared to other age groups, only 23.2% of children aged 1\u20135 years showed nAbs to EV71 genotype D with a considerably lower Geometric Mean Titer, indicating the susceptibility of this age group to EV71 infection. Our study confirms the circulation of EV71 in India with relatively high susceptibility of children up to 5 years to EV71 infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T10:12:33Z","timestamp":1740737553000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seroprevalence of Enterovirus 71 Among Children in Western India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6942-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhu Chhanda","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapnil Y.","family":"Varose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha V.","family":"Rane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailesh D.","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai 400012, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babasaheb V.","family":"Tandale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex (MCC) Campus, Pashan 411021, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puenpa, J., Wanlapakorn, N., Vongpunsawad, S., and Poovorawan, Y. (2019). The History of Enterovirus A71 Outbreaks and Molecular Epidemiology in the Asia-Pacific Region. J. Biomed. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0573-2"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Enterovirus 71 isolated from a case of acute flaccid paralysis in India represents a new genotype","volume":"84","author":"Deshpande","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140743","article-title":"Genetic diversity of enterovirus A71, India","volume":"1","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, M.C., Varose, S.Y., and Saxena, V.K. (2021). Susceptibility and cytokine responses of human neuronal cells to multiple circulating EV-A71 genotypes in India. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97166-x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9969","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.9969-9975.1999","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Enterovirus 71 Strains Isolated from 1970 to 1998","volume":"73","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomar, S.J., Alagarasu, K., More, A., Nadkarni, M., Bachal, R., Bote, M., Patil, J., Venkatesh, V., Parashar, D., and Tandale, B.V. (2022). Decadal Change in Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Pune City, India. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050998"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Deshpande, J.M. (2002). Unpublished work."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3292-4_8","article-title":"Standardized Methods for Detection of Poliovirus Antibodies","volume":"1387","author":"Weldon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Yi, L., Su, J., Lu, J., Ke, C., Zeng, H., Guan, D., Ma, C., Zhang, W., and Xiao, H. (2013). Seroprevalence of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in Guangdong, China, in pre- and post-2010 HFMD epidemic period. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080515"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K.Y.A., Huang, P.N., Huang, Y.C., Yang, S.L., Tsao, K.C., Chiu, C.H., Shih, S.R., and Lin, T.Y. (2020). Emergence of genotype C1 Enterovirus A71 and its link with antigenic variation of virus in Taiwan. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008857"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01810-5","article-title":"Identification of the first C1 subgenotype of enterovirus 71 in the Chinese mainland in a retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.151579","article-title":"Prediction of Protection against Asian Enterovirus 71 Outbreak Strains by Cross-neutralizing Capacity of Serum from Dutch Donors, The Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Koen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhmadishina, L.V., Eremeeva, T.P., Trotsenko, O.E., Ivanova, O.E., Mikhailov, M.I., and Lukashev, A.N. (2014). Seroepidemiology and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in Russia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097404"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.204915","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Virologic Surveillance of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A6, United Kingdom, 2006-2017","volume":"9","author":"Kamau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linsuwanon, P., Puenpa, J., Huang, S.W., Wang, Y.F., Mauleekoonphairoj, J., Wang, J.R., and Poovorawan, Y. (2014). Epidemiology and seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71 among Thai populations. J. Biomed. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-21-16"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ang, L.W., Phoon, M.C., Wu, Y., Cutter, J., James, L., and Chow, V.T. (2011). The changing seroepidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection among children and adolescents in Singapore. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-270"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05642-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of coxsackievirus A6 and enterovirus A71 infection in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"168","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1074-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 among people of various age groups in a northeast province of Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Lerdsamran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0133-6","article-title":"Hand, foot and mouth disease: Seroprevalence of Coxsackie A16 and Enterovirus 71 in Germany","volume":"199","author":"Rabenau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0413-x","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in Germany","volume":"154","author":"Diedrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-300","article-title":"Retrospective seroepidemiology indicated that human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 circulated wildly in central and southern China before large-scale outbreaks from 2008","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.e88","article-title":"Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand, foot, and mouth disease\/herpangina in children during an epidemic in Taiwan","volume":"109","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.09.025","article-title":"Seroprevalence of enterovirus 71 and no evidence of crossprotection of enterovirus 71 antibody against the other enteroviruses in kindergarten children in Taipei city","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.10.3201\/eid0809.010397","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71, Singapore","volume":"8","author":"Ooi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girsang, R.T., Rusmil, K., Fadlyana, E., Setiabudiawan, B., Adrizain, R., Mulyadi, R.P., Budiman, A., Utami, R.K., Mardiah, B.Z., and Dwi Putra, M.G. (2025). A serosurvey study of hand, foot and mouth disease in healthy children aged 6 to 71 months old in West Bandung and Bandung Region, Indonesia. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10453-0"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:44:53Z","timestamp":1760028293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/17\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v17030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}